Table 5 Evidence profile: relationship between malocclusion and bullying
From: Is there a relationship between malocclusion and bullying? A systematic review
Patient or population: Children and adolescents Exposure/intervention: malocclusion Comparison: with normal occlusion Outcome: Bullying | |||
|---|---|---|---|
No. of participants (studies) | Relative effect (95% CI) | Certainty | What happens |
4.953 (9 observational studies) | Not estimable | ⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW a,b,c | aVery serious problems for “Risk of bias”: Seven, of the nine, studies included in the present systematic review were judged with non-solid methodologies, with results erroneously biased in a certain direction and/or any serious confounding or other distorting influences. bSerious problems for “Indirectness”: Shaw et al., Helm et al., Chikaod et al., Al-Bitar et al., and Rwakatema et al. applied self-report questionnaires to evaluate malocclusion, without clinical exam. CVery serious problems in “Other considerations”: Seven, of the nine, studies could have any serious confounding or other distorting influences. |