|
Parameter
|
Group
|
Time point
|
Changes
|
ES coefficient
|
|---|
|
T0
|
T1
|
|---|
|
Maxillary
| | | | | |
|
SNA angle (°)
|
Treated
|
80.6 ± 2.4
|
80.2 ± 2.5
|
−0.4 ± 1.3
|
0.1 (−0.6-0.7)
|
|
Control
|
79.8 ± 2.7
|
79.5 ± 2.8
|
−0.3 ± 1.5
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
A to N perp (mm)
|
Treated
|
1.8 ± 2.5
|
1.1 ± 2.9
|
−0.7 ± 1.6
|
0.2 (−0.5-0.8)
|
|
Control
|
2.2 ± 2.5
|
1.8 ± 2.9
|
−0.4 ± 1.6
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Co-A (mm)
|
Treated
|
85.1 ± 3.8
|
87.6 ± 4.3*
|
2.5 ± 1.9
|
0.2 (−0.4-0.9)
|
|
Control
|
82.7 ± 3.2
|
84.7 ± 3.8*
|
2.0 ± 2.1
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
p < 0.05
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Mandibular
| | | | | |
|
SNB angle (°)
|
Treated
|
74.2 ± 2.0
|
74.7 ± 2.3**
|
0.5 ± 1.0
|
0.1 (−0.6-0.7)
|
|
Control
|
73.6 ± 2.2
|
74.0 ± 2.5
|
0.4 ± 1.2
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Pg to N perp (mm)
|
Treated
|
−6.9 ± 3.9
|
−7.3 ± 4.5
|
−0.4 ± 2.0
|
0.3 (−0.4-0.9)
|
|
Control
|
−5.0 ± 3.4
|
−4.8 ± 4.8
|
0.2 ± 2.1
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Co-Gn (mm)
|
Treated
|
103.6 ± 4.6
|
107.7 ± 5.3***
|
4.1 ± 2.2
|
0.0 (−0.6-0.7)
|
|
Control
|
101.9 ± 4.4
|
105.9 ± 6.2***
|
4.0 ± 3.0
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Maxillo-mandibular
| | | | | |
|
ANB angle (°)
|
Treated
|
6.5 ± 1.5
|
4.8 ± 0.9***
|
−1.7 ± 1.2
|
0.8 (−0.1-1.5)
|
|
Control
|
6.2 ± 1.2
|
5.5 ± 1.1
|
−0.7 ± 1.3
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
p < 0.05
|
p < 0.05
|
|
Wits (mm)
|
Treated
|
3.8 ± 1.2
|
2.4 ± 1.3*
|
−1.4 ± 1.1
|
0.1 (−0.6-0.8)
|
|
Control
|
3.1 ± 0.8
|
2.0 ± 2.6
|
−1.2 ± 2.5
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Max-Mand difference (mm)
|
Treated
|
18.4 ± 3.3
|
20.0 ± 2.9***
|
1.6 ± 1.4
|
0.3 (−0.4-0.9)
|
|
Control
|
19.2 ± 2.7
|
21.3 ± 4.3*
|
2.1 ± 2.1
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Vertical
| | | | | |
|
FH-palatal plane angle (°)
|
Treated
|
−2.9 ± 3.4
|
−2.3 ± 3.8
|
0.6 ± 1.2
|
0.4 (−0.3-1.1)
|
|
Control
|
−4.6 ± 3.1
|
−4.5 ± 2.8
|
0.1 ± 1.3
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
FH-mandibular plane angle (°)
|
Treated
|
22.5 ± 4.9
|
22.2 ± 5.1
|
−0.3 ± 1.1
|
0.4 (−0.3-1.1)
|
|
Control
|
22.2 ± 4.9
|
22.5 ± 4.6
|
0.2 ± 1.3
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Palatal plane-mandibular plane (°)
|
Treated
|
25.4 ± 3.1
|
24.4 ± 3.0**
|
−0.9 ± 1.3
|
0.6 (−0.0-1.3)
|
|
Control
|
26.8 ± 5.3
|
26.9 ± 4.9
|
0.1 ± 1.7
|
|
Difference
| |
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
- Data are presented as mean ± SD or mean (95% confidence interval). For the ES coefficient, the null hypothesis is to be equal to zero. NS, difference not statistically significant. Significant differences with the corresponding baseline value: *p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
