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Table 3 Definition of dental landmarks and linear and angular measurements

From: Comparison between rapid and mixed maxillary expansion through an assessment of dento-skeletal effects on posteroanterior cephalometry

Dental landmarks

Linear and angular measurements

1. Upper molar (Um) - the most prominent lateral point on the buccal surface of the upper first molar

1. Upper inter-molar width

2. Lower molar (Lm) - the most prominent lateral point on the buccal surface of the lower first molar

2. Lower inter-molar width

3. Upper incisor mesial (Uim) - the most mesial point of the upper central incisor crown

3. Upper inter-incisal width-mesial

4. Upper incisor apex (Uia) - the tip of the root apex of the upper central incisor

4. Upper inter-incisal width-apex

5. Upper incisor edge (Uie) - the point located on the incisal edge of the upper central incisor, centered mediolaterally

5. Maxillary incisal angle (Mia) - the angle between the major axe of upper central incisors (Uia-Uie).

 

6. Upper right first molar-laterorbitale width (UR6^Lo) - the angle between the upper right first molar tangent and laterorbitale width.

 

7. Upper left first molar-laterorbitale width (UL6^Lo) - the angle between the upper left first molar tangent and the laterorbitale width

 

8. Maxillary first molar angle (Mfma) - the angle between the tangent of upper first molars