Radiologically determined orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in incisors after non-surgical orthodontic treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review

Tieu, Long D; Saltaji, Humam; Normando, David; Flores-Mir, Carlos

doi:10.1186/s40510-014-0048-7

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 7 Descriptive statistics of selected studies

From: Radiologically determined orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in incisors after non-surgical orthodontic treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review

Article	Treatment duration (months)	X-ray	Root resorption (RR)	RR - specific tooth and severity	Additional information
DeShields [[32]]	M = 20.5	PA	51/52 cases had resorption in at least 1 Mx incisor	Tooth 12^a	Treatment time edgewise (months)
	F = 22.5			Grade 0 - 1/52	Male = 11.6
	G = 21.6 ± 5.2		Severity^a	Grade 1 - 4/52	Female = 10.1
			Grade 0 - 12/208	Grade 2 - 23/52	Mean = 10.8 ± 5.7
			Grade 1 - 24/208	Grade 3 - 21/52	Headgear time (if used) (months)
			Grade 2 - 82/208	Grade 4 - 3/52	Male = 16.5
			Grade 3 - 79/208	Tooth 11^a	Female = 17.0
			Grade 4 - 11/208	Grade 0 - 4/52	Mean = 16.8 ± 7.6
			Grade 5 - 0/208	Grade 1 - 7/52	Class II elastics (if used) (months)
			Gender-severity^a	Grade 2 - 19/52	Male = 7.5
			4 M - grade 2	Grade 3 - 17/52	Female = 5.2
			17 M - grade 3	Grade 4 - 5/52	Mean = 6.3 ± 5.6
			3 M - grade 4	Tooth 21^a
			1 F - grade 1	Grade 0 - 3/52
			7 M - grade 2	Grade 1 - 5/52
			17 F - grade 3	Grade 2 - 26/52
			3 F - grade 4	Grade 3 - 17/52
				Grade 4 - 1/52
				Tooth 22^a
				Grade 0 - 4/52
				Grade 1 - 8/52
				Grade 2 - 14/52
				Grade 3 - 24/52
				Grade 4 - 2/52
Hollender et al. [[33]]	Mean = 18	PA	Grade I or II RR^b	Tooth (grade 1 or 2 RR)^b	Mx anterior teeth most affected
			60/120 Teeth	16 - 3/12	48/60
			Severity	15 - 3/12	Lateral incisor
			Grade 1 - 53/60	13 - 5/12	22/24
			Grade 2 - 7/60	12 - 11/12	No grade 3 resorption
				11 - 7/12
				21 - 6/12
				22 - 11/12
				23 - 8/12
				25 - 3/12
				26 - 3/12
Eisel et al. [[34]]	38 ± 20 (total sample)	PA	Mean four upper incisors:	Not described	Only 29 patients had periapicals to quantify RR. No explanation why only these ones
			Up to 1 mm, 21 individuals
			Between 1 and 2 mm, 6 individuals
			Between 2 and 3 mm, 1 individual
			More than 3 mm, 1 individual
			Maximum for either upper incisor
			Up to 1 mm, 12 individuals
			Between 1 and 2 mm 6 individuals
			Between 2 and 3 mm 6 individuals
			More than 4 mm 5 individuals
			More than 4 mm 5 individuals		RR dx through Linge and Linge method [[12]]
Reukers et al. [[35]]	Overall = 20.4 ± 6.0	PA	Mean degree of resorption		Statistical test showed no difference in root resorption between straight wire and edgewise
	Straight wire = 21.6 ± 4.8		Mean degree of resorption
	Straight wire = 21.6 ± 4.8		Overall – 7.8 ± 6.9%
	Edgewise = 19.2 ± 6.0		Straight wire - 8.2 ± 6.4%
			Edgewise - 7.5 ± 7.6%		Study only focused on root resorption of Mx central incisors
			Prevalence
			Overall - (40/61) 65.6%
			Straight wire - (24/32) 75%
			Edgewise - (16/29) 55%
Taner et al. [[36]]	28.1 ± 9.0	Ceph	Mean RR	N/A	N/A
Taner et al. [[36]]	28.1 ± 9.0	Ceph	2.1 ± 1.6 mm	N/A	N/A
Mavragani et al. [[40]]	N/A	PA	Same data as 2002	Same data as 2002	Same data as 2002
Mavragani et al. [[37]]	N/A	PA	Tooth/median	Mean RR	Root elongation was noted for 50/280 teeth
			Control	12 - 1.86 ± 0.26 mm	Root elongation was noted for 50/280 teeth
			12 - 17.03 mm	11 - 1.82 ± 0.26 mm	Age at T ₁ was significantly higher among patients showing root shortening of lateral incisors than those showing root elongation (p < 0.05)
			11 - 16.79 mm	21 - 1.93 ± 0.25 mm
			21 - 16.69 mm	22 - 1.78 ± 0.33 mm
			22 - 17.48 mm	Shortened roots	Roots that were incompletely developed before treatment reached a significantly greater length than those that were fully developed at the T ₁
			Shortened	12 - 59/72 teeth
			12 - 14.55 mm	11 - 60/72 teeth
			11 - 15.32 mm	21 - 58/67 teeth
			21 - 15.30 mm	22 - 53/69 teeth
			22 - 13.77 mm	22 - 53/69 teeth
			Elongated	Elongated roots
			12 - 17.36 mm	12 - 13/72 teeth
			11 - 17.56 mm	11 - 12/72 teeth
			21 - 15.52 mm	21 - 9/67 teeth
			22 - 16.85 mm	22 - 16/69 teeth
Liou and Chang [[38]]	En-masse	PA	Group I	Group I	Group I (ANB 7.1° ± 1.9°)
	(Group I) 28.3 ± 7.3		Group I	Group I	Group I (ANB 7.1° ± 1.9°)
	FFA		16% to 20% (2.5 to 2.8 mm)	12 - 20.0 ± 7.3% (2.7 ± 1.0 mm)	Group II (ANB 3.2° ± 2.9°)
	(Group II) 22.7 ± 5.0		Group 2	12 - 20.0 ± 7.3% (2.7 ± 1.0 mm)	Apical RR of Mx central incisor was significantly correlated to the duration of treatment (p = 0.026) but not to the amount of en-masse retraction, intrusion, or palatal tipping of Mx incisors
			13.4% to 14.4% (2.1 to 2.3 mm)	11 - 19.6 ± 6.6% (2.8 ± 1.0 mm)
				21 - 16.8 ± 8.8% (2.5 ± 1.4 mm)	Mx lateral incisors was significantly greater in group I than in group II
				22 - 16.0 ± 9.2% (2.5 ± 1.5 mm)
				Group II
				12 - 14.4 ± 7.3% (2.1 ± 1.4 mm)
				11 - 14.4 ± 8.5% (2.3 ± 1.7 mm)
				21 - 13.6 ± 7.6% (2.1 ± 1.5 mm)
				22 - 13.4 ± 7.3% (2.1 ± 1.3 mm)
Martins et al. [[39]]	28.0 ± 9.4	PA	RR severity^c
			0 = 0/112 (0%)
			1 = 19/112 (16.96%)
			2 = 39/112 (34.83%)
			3 = 47/112 (41.96%)
			4 = 7/112 (6.25%)

^aGrade 0 - no resorption, grade 1 - possible resorption (some indistinctness to apical outline), grade 2 - definite resorption (apical outline was definitely irregular, but the root was not shortened or blunted), grade 3 - mild apical blunting (<3 mm), grade 4 - moderate apical blunting (>3 mm but <1/3 root length, grade 5 - severe blunting (>1/3 of the root length loss); ^b0 - no visible resorption, 1 - apical resorption ≤2 mm, 2 - apical resorption >2 mm ≤1/3 of the root length, 3 - >1/3 of the root length; ^c0 - no root resorption, 1 - mild resorption, normal length, and only displaying irregular contour, 2 - moderate resorption, small area of root loss with the apex exhibiting an almost straight contour, 3 - accentuated resorption, loss of almost 1/3 root length, 4 - extreme resorption, loss of more than 1/3 of root length. MX, Maxillary; M, Months; RR, Root Resorption; PA, Periapical.

Back to article page