Hard tissue points | |
Anterior nasal spine (ANS): | Anterior tip of the bony process of the maxilla |
Articulare (Ar): | A point at the junction of the posterior border of the ramus and the inferior border of the posterior cranial base. |
Gonion (Go): | Point on the curvature of the angle of the mandible located by bisecting the angle formed by lines tangent to the posterior ramus and inferior border of the mandible |
Gnathion (Gn): | Midpoint between the anterior and inferior points of the bony chin |
Menton (Me): | The lowest point on the symphyseal shadow of the mandible |
Nasion (N): | Most anterior point on the frontonasal suture |
Orbitale (Or): | Most inferior point on the inferior rim of the orbit |
Posterior nasal spine (PNS): | Posterior tip of the hard palate |
Pogonion (Pg): | Most anterior point on the chin |
Porion (Po): | Most superior point on the external auditory meatus |
Sella (S): | Geometric center of the pituitary fossa |
Subspinale (A point): | Most posterior midline point in the concavity of the alveolar bone overlying the maxillary incisors |
Supramentale (B point): | Most posterior midline point in the concavity of the alveolar bone overlying the mandibular incisors |
Pterygomaxillare (PTM): | Lowest point of the pterygomaxillary fissure |
Soft tissue points | |
Glabella (G’): | The most prominent anterior point in the midsagittal plane of the forehead |
Tip of the nose (Pr): | The most prominent or anterior point of the nose |
Subnasale (Sn’): | The point at which the columella merges with the upper lip in the midsagittal plane |
Soft tissue A point (A’): | The point of greatest concavity in the midline of the upper lip between subnasale and labrale superius |
Upper lip/labrale superius (Ls): | A point indicated the mucocutaneous border of the upper lip |
Stomion superius (Stms): | The lower most point on the vermilion of the upper lip |
Stomion inferius (Stmi): | The uppermost point on the vermilion of the lower lip |
Lower lip/labrale inferius (Li): | The median point in the lower margin of the lower membranous lip |
Soft tissue B point (B’): | The point of greatest concavity in the midline of the lower lip between labrale inferius and soft tissue pogonion |
Soft tissue pogonion (Pg’): | The most prominent point on the chin |
Soft tissue menton (Me’): | Lowest point on the contour of the soft tissue chin |
Soft tissue gnathion (Gn’): | Midpoint between the anterior and inferior points of the soft tissue chin |