Table 2 Periodontal outcomes
From: The effects of fixed and removable orthodontic retainers: a systematic review
| Â | Intervention | Periodontal outcomes | Index | Arch | Teeth | Tooth surfaces |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Nimri et al. 2009 [25] | - 0.036″ round stainless steel fixed retainer (canines only) - 0.015″ multistrand fixed retainer | Plaque Index | 0 absence 1 on probe 2 visible 3 abundant | Mandible | 3-3 | Labial/lingual/mesial/distal |
Gingival Index | 0 absence 1 mild 2 moderate 3 severe | Mandible | 3-3 | Labial and lingual | ||
Calculus | Part of Oral Hygiene Index Tooth with the highest score determine the index score for the segment (6 segments) | Maxilla and mandible | All teeth except mandibular labial segment | Labial and lingual | ||
Bazargani et al. 2012 [14] | - 0.0195″ multistrand fixed retainer with two-step bonded resin adhesive - 0.0195″ multistrand fixed retainer with non-resin adhesive | Calculus | Present/absent | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual |
Torkan et al. 2014 [16] | - Fiber-reinforced resin composite fixed retainer - 0.0175″ multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer | Plaque Index | Using disclosing 0 absence 1 visible on the probe 2 visible 3 abundant | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Lingual |
Calculus Index | 0 absence 1 up to 1/3 2 up to 2/3 3 > 2/3 | Maxilla and mandible | All teeth | Unclear | ||
Gingival Index | 0 absence 1 mild 2 moderate 3 severe | Maxilla and mandible | Unclear | Lingual | ||
Bleeding on probing | Present/absent | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Unclear | ||
Tacken et al. 2010 [31] | - Glass fiber-reinforced fixed retainer (500 unidirectional glass fibers) - Glass fiber-reinforced fixed retainer (1000 unidirectional glass fibers) - 0.0215″ coaxial fixed retainer - Untreated control | Gingival Index | 0 absence 1 mild (localized) 2 mild (generalized) 3 moderate 4 severe | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear, 3 sites/tooth: mesial, distal, central |
Bleeding on probing | 0 no bleeding 1 point bleeding 2 abundant bleeding | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear, 3 sites/tooth: mesial, distal, central | ||
Plaque Index | Using disclosing 0 no plaque 1 spots at the cervical margin 2 thin band at the cervical margin 3 gingival 1/3 4 gingival 2/3 5 > gingival 2/3 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear, 3 sites/tooth: mesial, distal, central | ||
Artun et al. 1997 [28]  | - 0.032″ plain fixed retainer (canines only) - 0.032″ spiral wire fixed retainer (canines only) - 0.0205″ spiral wire fixed retainer - Removable retainer | Plaque Index | 0 absence 1 on probe 2 visible 3 abundant | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual, mesial, distal |
Gingival Index | 0 absence 1 mild 2 moderate 3 severe | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual, mesial, distal | ||
Calculus Index | 0 absence 1 supragingival calculus not more than 1Â mm 2 gingival 1/3 3 > gingival 2/3 | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual, mesial, distal | ||
Pocket depth | Mean attachment loss | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual | ||
Liu et al. 2010 [23] | - 0.75-mm fiber-reinforced composite fixed retainer - 0.9-mm multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer | Pocket depth | Scores added together | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual (3 sites/tooth) |
Bleeding on probing | Scores added together | Mandible | 3-3 | Lingual (3 sites/tooth) | ||
Heier et al. 2010 [30] | - 0.0175″ multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer - Hawley retainer | Gingival Index | 0 absence 1 mild (localized) 2 mild (generalized) 3 moderate 4 severe | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Labial, lingual, interdental labial, interdental lingual |
Bleeding on probing | 0 absence 1 point bleeding 2 profuse | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Labial, lingual, interdental labial, interdental lingual | ||
Plaque Index | Using disclosing 0 no plaque 1 spots at the cervical margin 2 thin band at the cervical margin 3 gingival 1/3 4 gingival 2/3 5 > gingival 2/3 | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Labial, lingual | ||
Calculus Index | Overall mean score | Maxilla and mandible | 3-3 | Labial, lingual (3 sites/surface) |