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Table 1 Abbreviations for anatomical landmarks and reference planes used in the analysis of lateral cephalograms

From: Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome

Landmark

Description

Landmark

Description

S

Sella turcica

C2

Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 2

N

Nasion

C3

Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 3

A

Subspinale

C4

Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 4

B

Supramentale

C5

Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 5

ANS

Anterior nasal spine

ST N

Soft tissue nasion

PNS

Posterior nasal spine

ST A

Soft tissue A point

Ba

Basion

ST B

Soft tissue B point

Or

Orbitale

ST Pg

Soft tissue pogonion

Gn

Gnathion (anatomical)

ST G

Soft tissue gnathion

Go

Gonion

ST M

Soft tissue menton

Me

Menton

ULP

Upper lip point

Po

Porion

LLP

Lower lip point

Pg

Pogonion

MR

Mid ramus

Gl

Glabella (soft tissue)

Sig

Sigmoid notch

Ar

Articulare

PT

Pterygopalatine point

Rg

Retrognathion

Bno

Bridge of nose

H

Anterior, superior point of the hyoid

Tno

Tip of nose

Co

Condylion

Sub

Subnasale

U6O

Maxillary 1st permanent molar occlusal

OP

Occlusal plane

U6D

Maxillary 1st permanent molar distal

SPS

Soft palate superior point

U6M

Maxillary 1st permanent molar mesial

SPI

Soft palate inferior point

L6O

Mandibular 1st permanent molar occlusal

AA A

Anterior pharynx at A

L6D

Mandibular 1st permanent molar distal

PA A

Posterior pharynx at A

L6M

Mandibular 1st permanent molar mesial

AA Mx1

Anterior pharynx at Mx1

L1T

Lower central incisor incisal tip

PA Mx1

Posterior pharynx at Mx1

L1R

Lower central incisor root tip

AA B

Anterior pharynx at B

L1L

Lower central incisor lingual gingival border

PA B

Posterior pharynx space at B

L1G

Lower central incisor labial gingival border

AA P

Anterior pharynx at Pg

U1T

Upper central incisor incisal tip

PA B

Posterior pharynx at Pg

U1R

Upper central incisor root tip

THR

Throat point

U1L

Upper central incisor lingual gingival border

TVL

McNamara true vertical line

U1G

Upper central incisor labial gingival

FH

Frankfort horizontal line