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Table 2 Measurements and definitions used in the cephalometric analysis

From: Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome

Measurement (unit)

Description

Maxilla/midface

 SNA (°)

Sagittal position of maxilla

 ANS-PNS (mm)

Maxillary length

 Co-ANS (mm)

Length condylion to ANS

 N/S^ANS/PNS (°)

Palatal plane angle

 Ba-S-N (°)

Saddle angle

 S-N (mm)

Anterior cranial base length

 S-Ba (mm)

Posterior cranial base length

 Ba-A (mm)

Length basion to A point

 Ba-N-A (°)

angle formed from basion to nasion to A point

 FH^N/A (°)

Maxillary depth angle

 PNS-Ba (mm)

PNS to basion

 A-N true vertical (mm)

Length of A to N, sagittal position of the maxilla

 OP^FH (°)

Angle formed by occlusal plane to FH

 OP^SN (°)

Angle formed by occlusal plane and sella-nasion

Mandible

 SNB (°)

Sagittal position of mandible

 Ba-B (mm)

Length basion to B point

 Ba-N-B (°)

Angle formed from basion-nasion-B point

 FH-N-Po (°)

Mandibular depth angle

 Co-Go-Gn (°)

Gonial angle

 Co-Go (mm)

Mandibular length

 S-Go (mm)

Length from condylion to pogonion

 Co-Pg (mm)

Length from sella to gonion

 S/N^Go/Gn (°)

Angle form by the gonion/gnathion and nasion/sella

 B-N true vertical (mm)

B to N True vertical

 Pg-N true vertical (mm)

Pogonion to N True vertical

 Y-axis length (mm)

Length Sella to Gnathion

 Y-axis angle (°)

Angle formed from ST G and sella-nasion

Inter-maxillary relationship

 ANB (°)

A-N-B angle

 Wits appraisal (mm)

Length along the occlusal plane from perpendicular points to A and B

 Co-Pog-Co-ANS (mm)

Harvold analysis

Facial height

 TFH (N-Me) (mm)

Total facial height; distance from nasion to menton

 UFH (N-ANS) (mm)

Upper facial height; distance from nasion to ANS

 LFH (ANS-Me) (mm)

Lower face height; distance from ANS to menton

 LFH/TFH (%)

Lower face height to total face height ratio

 PFH (S-Go) (mm)

Posterior facial height; distance from S-Go

 AFH (N-Pg) (mm)

Anterior facial height, distance from N to Pg

 PFH/AFH (%)

Ratio of the posterior facial height and anterior facial height

Hyoid

 MP-H (mm)

Length of hyoid from line perpendicular to the mandibular plan (Go-Me)

 H-Rg (mm)

Length of hyoid to retrognathion

 H-C3 (mm)

Length of hyoid to C3

 H-C3-Rg (mm)

Length of hyoid from line perpendicular to C3 to retrognathion

 H-Me-Go/Me (°)

Angle formed from hyoid, menton, and gonion

 H-S (mm)

Distance from hyoid to sella

 C2 - H FH perp (mm)

Length of C2-hyoid to the horizontal aspect to FH

 C2 - H || FH (mm)

Length of C2-hyoid in the vertical aspect to FH

 C3 - H FH perp (mm)

Length of C3-hyoid to the horizontal aspect to FH

 C3 - H || FH (mm)

Length of C3-hyoid in the vertical aspect to FH

 C4 - H FH perp (mm)

Length of C4-hyoid to the horizontal aspect to FH

 C4 - H || FH (mm)

Length of C4-hyoid in the vertical aspect to FH

Airway

 Airway at A point (mm)

Pharyngeal airway length at A point

 Airway at Mx1 level (mm)

Pharyngeal airway length along the occlusal plane

 Airway at B point (mm)

Pharyngeal airway length at B point

 Airway at Pog level (mm)

Pharyngeal airway length at the level of the pogonion

Palate

 ANS/PNS^Me/Go (°)

Angle of palate to mandibular plane

 SPS-SPI (mm)

Thickness of soft palate

Dental/soft tissue profile

 Mx1-Mx OP (°)

Upper incisor inclination

 Mx1-Sn (mm)

Upper incisor tip projection

 Md1-Md OP (°)

lower incisor inclination

 Md1-Sn (mm)

lower incisor tip projection

 Overjet (mm)

Overjet (measurement of U1T to L1T in the horizontal direction)

 Overbite (mm)

Overbite (measurement of U1T to L1T in the vertical direction)

 Maxillary anterior height (mm)

Subnasale, U1 tip perpendicular to TVL

 Sub-Gl (mm)

Subnasale to soft glabella to TVL

 STA-TVL (A') (mm)

Soft tissue point A length to TVL

 STB-TVL (B') (mm)

Soft Tissue point B length to TVL

 STP-TVL (mm)

Soft tissue pogonion length to TVL

 STP-THR (mm)

Soft tissue pogonion to throat point