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Table 1 Reference points and planes (modified from Fujiki et al. [14])

From: New application of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of deglutitive tongue movement

Landmark

Definition

ANS

Point at the tip of the anterior nasal spine

PNS

Point at the dorsal limit of the maxilla

Me

The most posterior point on the mandibular symphysis

I

Point at the edge of the maxillary incisor

C1

The most anterior point of the atlas

NF

Plane through ANS and PNS

SP

Plane passing the edge of the maxillary incisor and parallel to the palatal plane

AM

Boundary point between the maxillary central incisor and the palatal mucosa

E

Point nearest to the tongue base in the region of contact between tongue and palatal mucosa

MM

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF drawn through a point equidistant between ANS and PNS intersects the palatal mucosa

MT

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF drawn through a point equidistant between ANS and PNS intersects the dorsal tongue

MS

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF drawn through a point equidistant between ANS and PNS intersects SP

PM

Point at which the soft and hard palates intersect

PT

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF through point PM intersects the dorsal tongue

PS

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF through point PM intersects SP

D

Point at which a line through Me and C1 intersects the dorsal tongue

Ti

Tongue tip

SI

Point at which a line perpendicular to NF through PNS intersects SP