Comparative evaluation of enamel surface roughness after debonding using four finishing and polishing systems for residual resin removal—an in vitro study

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 6 Post-hoc tests for R_t (maximum roughness height)

Dependent variable	Comparison group	Compared with	Mean difference (unit-μm)	Std. error	p value
Baseline R_t	Group 1	Group 2	− 0.04	0.06	0.924
		Group 3	− 0.01	0.06	0.992
		Group 4	− 0.03	0.06	0.951
	Group 2	Group 3	0.02	0.06	0.987
	Group 2	Group 4	0.005	0.06	1
	Group 3	Group 4	− 0.015	0.06	0.995
Post polishing R_t	Group 1	Group 2	− 0.0004	0.15	1
		Group 3	0.39	0.15	0.062
		Group 4	− 1.12*	0.15	< 0.001
	Group 2	Group 3	0.39	0.15	0.061
	Group 2	Group 4	− 1.12*	0.15	< 0.001
	Group 3	Group 4	− 1.51*	0.15	< 0.001
Difference in R_t	Group 1	Group 2	0.04	0.17	0.996
		Group 3	0.41	0.17	0.085
		Group 4	− 1.08*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 2	Group 3	0.37	0.17	0.141
	Group 2	Group 4	− 1.12*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 3	Group 4	− 1.50*	0.17	< 0.001

R_t maximum roughness height, μm micrometer, p value probability value, *statistical significance