Comparative evaluation of enamel surface roughness after debonding using four finishing and polishing systems for residual resin removal—an in vitro study

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 7 Post-hoc tests for R_z (mean roughness depth)

Dependent variable	Comparison group	Compared with	Mean difference (unit-μm)	Std. error	p value
Baseline R_z	Group 1	Group 2	0.07	0.09	0.824
		Group 3	− 0.01	0.09	1
		Group 4	0.06	0.09	0.903
	Group 2	Group 3	− 0.08	0.09	0.765
	Group 2	Group 4	− 0.01	0.09	0.998
	Group 3	Group 4	0.07	0.09	0.857
Post polishing R_z	Group 1	Group 2	− 0.20	0.17	0.633
		Group 3	0.23	0.17	0.527
		Group 4	− 2.73*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 2	Group 3	0.44	0.17	0.059
	Group 2	Group 4	− 2.53*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 3	Group 4	− 2.97*	0.17	< 0.001
Difference in R_z	Group 1	Group 2	− 0.28	0.17	0.384
		Group 3	0.24	0.17	0.515
		Group 4	− 2.80*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 2	Group 3	.53*	0.17	0.019
	Group 2	Group 4	− 2.51*	0.17	< 0.001
	Group 3	Group 4	− 3.04*	0.17	< 0.001

R_z, mean roughness depth, μm micrometer, p value probability value, *statistical significance