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Table 1 Criteria for sample selection

From: The crown-root morphology of central incisors in different skeletal malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Permanent dentition, completely developed root, no apparent bending and no absorbing

Anterior root with periapical lesions or apparent bending, containing embedded supernumerary teeth in alveolar bone

Intact contour of the crown, and no apparent abrasion

Crown with obvious abrasion

Moderate crowding, and no apparent rotation in anterior teeth

Mild to severe crowding, or obvious rotation in anterior teeth

No caries, filling, restoration history and periodontitis in anterior teeth

Caries, filling or restoration treatment, or periodontitis leading to loosening in anterior teeth

No orthodontic, functional orthopedic treatment, cleft lip palate, and orthognathic surgery history

With orthodontic, functional orthopedic treatment, cleft lip palate, and orthognathic surgery history

No oral bad habit, occlusion interference, swallowing and respiratory disorder, and facial or spinal abnormalities

With oral bad habit and the mandibular located in functional and unstable position, or jaw cyst, cancer, injury, and abnormalities

Clear imaging by CBCT

Blurring image by CBCT