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Progress in Orthodontics

Table 4 Changes in hard tissue and soft tissue landmarks on CBCT images

From: Three-dimensional soft tissue changes according to skeletal changes after mandibular setback surgery by using cone-beam computed tomography and a structured light scanner

Landmarks

Δx (T2–T1)

Δy (T2–T1)

Δz (T2–T1)

Mean

SD

p value

Mean

SD

p value

Mean

SD

p value

Hard tissue

 Ii

− 2.61

1.71

.000***

− 4.96

1.89

.000***

0.82

1.00

.040*

 Lc dev

− 2.32

1.58

.000***

− 5.09

1.61

.000***

0.79

1.07

.026*

 Lc ctl

− 2.72

1.89

.000***

− 6.18

1.70

.000***

0.98

1.35

.032*

 Id

− 2.43

1.81

.000***

− 6.21

1.92

.000***

1.04

1.61

.043*

 B

− 2.41

1.79

.000***

− 5.80

2.01

.000***

0.99

1.25

.030*

 Pog

− 2.49

2.20

.003**

− 5.69

2.72

.000***

1.32

1.57

.019*

 Me

− 2.42

2.18

.004**

− 5.81

3.05

.000***

1.20

1.45

.021*

 Mf dev

− 1.95

1.57

.001**

− 4.98

2.42

.000***

0.31

0.81

.268

 Mf ctl

− 1.82

1.67

.003**

− 6.41

2.29

.000***

0.72

0.72

.027*

Soft tissue

 Nose-related

  Al dev

− 0.09

0.21

.301

− 0.62

1.40

.184

0.08

0.32

.524

  Al ctl

0.02

0.41

.930

− 0.25

0.91

.297

0.07

0.27

.532

  Pn

− 0.04

0.18

.589

0.03

0.28

.906

− 0.02

0.22

.738

  Sn

− 0.38

0.41

.106

− 0.09

0.73

.702

0.04

1.01

.889

 Lip-related

  A’

− 0.50

0.80

.056

− 0.18

0.99

.538

0.34

1.55

.488

  Ls

− 0.80

1.13

.047*

− 1.09

0.81

.028*

0.07

0.79

.755

  Stms

− 0.81

1.16

.042*

− 1.12

1.10

.014*

0.81

1.53

.058

  Ch dev

− 2.22

1.87

.008**

− 1.92

2.03

.027*

0.32

1.03

.506

  Ch ctl

− 0.95

1.01

.031*

− 2.89

1.86

.011**

0.64

1.51

.179

  Stmi

− 0.84

1.18

.036*

− 4.09

1.60

.000***

0.88

1.33

.125

  Li

− 0.99

1.21

.036*

− 4.24

1.72

.000***

0.81

1.24

.066

 Chin-related

  B’

− 1.18

1.27

.033*

− 4.24

2.08

.000***

0.94

1.31

.043*

  Pog’

− 1.59

1.30

.015*

− 4.37

2.43

.000***

1.21

1.45

.019*

  Me’

− 1.79

1.31

.009**

− 2.94

2.76

.003**

1.09

1.35

.030*

 Cheek-related

  Zy dev

− 0.17

0.32

.443

0.21

1.22

.598

0.11

0.34

.291

  Zy ctl

− 0.09

0.52

.430

− 0.23

1.06

.469

− 0.02

0.37

.925

  Ck dev

− 0.20

1.28

.593

− 1.18

1.71

.041*

0.11

1.20

.797

  Ck ctl

0.16

1.24

.575

− 0.81

2.37

.335

0.61

1.67

.316

  1. Δx, Δy, and Δz means changes in transverse axis, anteroposterior axis, and vertical axis, respectively
  2. Paired t test was performed. SD indicates standard deviation; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
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