Table 3 Main dentofacial characteristics or types of malocclusions of interest reported in the included studies
From: Is there a relationship between malocclusion and bullying? A systematic review
Author, year, country | Chin | Lips, Lip incompetence or coverage | Teeth | Space between teeth, missing teeth | Crowding | Deep bite, > 5 mm, > 7 mm | Prominent anterior teeth, incisal prominence, incisor relationship | Maxillary overjet, > 4 mm, > 6 mm, > 9 mm | Cross bite, scissors bite | Retrognathic mandible | Prominent mandibular anterior teeth | Prognathic mandible | Anterior open bite | Gummy smile | Cephalometric measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shaw et al, 1980 [22], UK | _ | +, _ | + | _ | + | _, _, _ | +, +, + | +, _, _, _ | _, _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
Helm et al, 1985 [23],Denmark | _ | _, _ | + | +, _ | + | +, +, + | +, +, + | +, _, +, + | +, + | _ | + | _ | + | _ | _ |
Rwakatema et al, 2006 [24], Tanzania | _ | _ | + | _ | _ | _, _, _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
Badran et al., 2010 [21], Jordan | _ | _, _ | + | +, + | + | +, _, _ | +, +, + | +, _, _, _ | +, _ | _ | + | _ | + | _ | _ |
Seehra et al., 2011 [16], UK | + | +, + | + | +, + | + | +, _, _ | + ,+, + | +, +, +, + | +, + | + | + | + | + | _ | + |
Al-Bitar et al. 2013 [15], Jordan | + | +, + | + | +, + | + | +, _, _ | +,+,+ | +, _, _, _ | _, _ | + | + | + | + | + | _ |
Agel et al., 2014 [17], East UK | _ | +, + | + | _ | _ | _ | +,+,+ | +, _, +, + | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
Chikaod et al., 2017 [25], Nigeria | + | +, + | + | +, + | + | +, _, _ | +,+,+ | +, _, _, _ | _, _ | + | + | + | + | + | _ |
Julca-Ching et al. 2019 [26], Peru | _ | _, _ | + | +, + | _ | _ | +,+,+ | +, _, _, _ | _, _ | _ | _ | _ | + | _ | _ |