Table 4 Results of methodological quality assessment of included studies, according to Fowkes and Fulton criteria
From: Is there a relationship between malocclusion and bullying? A systematic review
Guideline | Checklist | Shaw et al., 1980 | Helm et al., 1985 | Rwakatema et al., 2006 | Badran et al., 2010 | Seehra et al., 2011 | Al-Bitar et al., 2013 | Agel et al., 2014 | Chikaoki et al., 2017 | Julca-Ching et al. 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design appropriate to objective? | Objective | Common design | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Prevalence | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Prognosis | Cohort | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Treatment | Controlled trial | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Cause | Cohort, case-control, cross-sectional | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Completeness? | Compliance | NA | + | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Dropouts | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Deaths | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Distorting influences? | Extraneous treatments | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Contamination | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Changes over time | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Confounding factors | 0 | ++ | ++ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ++ | ++ | ||
Distortion reduced by analysis | ++ | 0 | ++ | 0 | 0 | 0 | ++ | ++ | ++ | ||
Summary questions | Bias—Are the results erroneously biased in a certain direction? | YES | YES | YES | NO | NO | NO | NO | YES | YES | |
Confounding—Are there any serious confounding or other distorting influences? | YES | NO | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES | YES | YES | ||
Chance—Is it likely that the results occurred by chance? | YES | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | ||