Table 1 Descriptive statistics and comparasions between male experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups, before treatment (T0), at the end of second treatment phase (T1) and 10 years after treatment (T2). Po Porion, Co Condyleon, perp perpendicular, Co-Gn Condyleon-Gnation, Pg Pogonion, FH Frankfurt Horizontal, SN Sella-Nasion, MPA mandibular plane angle, Me Menton, S Sella, Go Gonion, ANS anterior nasal spine, U1 upper incisor, L1 lower incisor, E plane Esthetic plane. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

 Cranial flexure (°)

29.38

3.50

28.41

2.14

28.92

2.70

27.84

2.15

28.89

1.84

28.53

1.97

NS

NS

NS

 Po localization (mm)

− 43.20

4.15

− 43.81

2.56

− 45.31

4.43

− 44.76

2.24

− 47.99

4.93

− 45.73

3.25

NS

NS

NS

 Anterior cranial base (mm)

70.92

4.20

72.57

2.88

74.21

5.71

74.13

2.83

76.92

6.53

78.00

1.87

NS

NS

NS

 Posterior cranial base (mm)

31.97

2.61

33.46

2.75

34.67

2.67

36.03

2.74

38.18

5.10

37.73

2.84

NS

NS

NS

 Co-point A (mm)

86.64

5.84

90.00

2.63

91.74

6.34

92.36

2.81

97.58

11.02

96.88

2.08

NS

NS

NS

 SNA (°)

79.55

3.88

80.84

2.14

80.04

3.54

80.78

2.54

80.10

3.55

80.35

2.92

NS

NS

NS

 Point A-Nasion perp (mm)

− 0.47

2.71

0.00

2.73

− 0.12

2.75

− 1.55

2.85

0.46

4.34

− 1.93

2.69

NS

NS

NS

 Maxillary depth (°)

89.52

2.14

89.94

2.57

89.75

3.40

88.60

2.40

90.46

3.78

88.87

2.64

NS

NS

NS

 Co-Gn (mm)

115.80

6.23

114.37

3.43

126.39

8.22

122.01

4.93

135.33

9.16

130.74

4.52

NS

NS

NS

 SNB (°)

78.84

3.86

78.34

2.16

78.90

3.69

79.09

3.33

80.55

4.17

78.56

3.50

NS

NS

NS

 Pg-Nasion perp (mm)

− 0.48

6.85

− 2.96

4.34

− 0.26

6.30

− 3.36

4.80

3.58

7.71

− 2.20

5.24

NS

NS

*

 Wits appraisal (mm)

− 6.31

2.06

− 0.40

1.08

− 3.81

2.82

− 0.66

1.26

− 6.52

1.91

0.07

1.75

***

**

***

 ANB (°)

0.72

1.66

2.44

0.65

1.20

1.42

1.53

1.28

− 0.16

1.92

1.74

0.74

**

NS

**

 Maxillary/mandibibular difference (mm)

29.17

4.55

25.04

2.84

34.45

3.76

29.41

2.81

40.09

6.12

33.83

4.31

**

***

**

 FH-occlusal plane (°)

9.17

3.59

8.16

2.90

7.38

3.75

7.54

2.89

6.29

4.13

6.31

3.22

NS

NS

NS

 SN-palatal plane (°)

9.44

4.49

7.31

2.51

8.64

3.87

6.34

3.37

8.08

4.79

8.64

2.88

NS

NS

NS

 MPA (°)

27.38

4.33

26.12

2.47

27.00

4.92

26.60

3.21

25.03

5.96

24.78

3.69

NS

NS

NS

 Nasion-Me (mm)

118.34

5.78

118.00

6.47

128.96

8.29

125.75

5.93

139.20

18.63

134.21

5.09

NS

NS

NS

 S-Go (mm)

71.76

6.66

72.34

6.19

79.86

5.85

78.52

6.47

84.95

8.51

87.13

5.06

NS

NS

NS

 ANS-Me (mm)

67.31

4.41

67.03

3.47

73.02

5.29

70.03

3.95

78.84

10.84

73.15

3.33

NS

NS

NS

 Gonial angle (°)

130.54

6.75

124.58

4.49

125.86

8.01

122.64

4.64

124.87

6.12

121.44

5.48

NS

NS

NS

 S-Go/Nasion-Me (%)

59.95

4.60

61.14

3.82

61.90

4.60

62.84

4.33

63.57

5.08

63.82

4.18

NS

NS

NS

 Facial axis (°)

88.78

3.61

89.98

2.44

87.90

4.96

89.72

3.29

89.78

4.55

90.52

3.52

NS

NS

NS

 Overjet (mm)

0.23

2.35

4.16

1.12

2.36

0.39

2.10

1.10

1.26

1.63

3.73

0.85

***

NS

***

 Overbite (mm)

1.49

2.12

3.08

1.40

1.54

0.53

1.93

0.48

0.90

0.90

2.78

1.04

*

*

***

 Interincisal angle (°)

134.90

8.67

133.32

10.21

129.52

5.98

124.60

5.77

133.07

6.23

130.94

7.05

NS

*

NS

 Molar relationship (mm)

− 3.26

1.82

− 0.59

1.00

− 2.54

1.09

− 2.44

0.66

− 3.30

1.65

− 2.57

0.72

***

NS

NS

 U1 to point A to Nasion perp (mm)

4.54

1.53

4.62

1.57

6.22

1.29

5.89

1.24

7.36

1.26

7.02

1.94

NS

NS

NS

 U1 to FH (°)

111.99

5.63

111.76

6.06

116.81

3.56

115.63

3.65

116.75

3.45

115.65

3.45

NS

NS

NS

 L1 to A-Pg (mm)

3.10

2.38

1.22

1.89

3.62

1.65

3.55

1.07

3.95

1.64

2.83

2.06

*

NS

NS

 L1 to MPA (°)

87.28

4.64

92.58

3.30

86.90

5.81

93.98

2.66

85.76

4.39

93.47

2.79

**

***

***

 Lower lip to E plane (mm)

− 0.82

2.07

− 0.69

1.98

− 1.75

2.51

− 1.61

1.77

− 3.19

2.86

− 3.37

1.62

NS

NS

NS

 Upper lip to E plane (mm)

− 2.77

2.79

− 2.14

2.13

− 3.74

3.11

− 4.06

1.51

− 6.38

3.16

− 6.05

1.38

NS

NS

NS

 Nasiolabial angle (°)

98.70

7.41

96.26

2.96

98.26

6.10

97.90

3.39

99.33

7.00

97.46

4.23

NS

NS

NS