Table 6 Comparison of the differences by sex between Class III (EG, experimental group) and Class I (CG, control group) groups in period T1–T2. Pg Pogonion, FH Frankfurt Horizontal, SN Sella-Nasion, MPA mandibular plane angle, Me Menton, S Sella, Go Gonion, ANS anterior nasal spine, U1 upper incisor, L1 lower incisor, E plane Esthetic plane. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

 Cranial flexure (°)

0.36

2.14

− 0.02

1.55

0.56

1.38

0.68

1.46

NS

NS

 Po localization (mm)

0.56

3.25

− 2.68

5.12

− 0.10

1.71

− 0.96

1.95

NS

NS

 Anterior cranial base (mm)

2.08

2.74

2.71

2.69

1.60

1.41

3.87

2.64

NS

NS

 Posterior cranial base (mm)

0.20

2.63

3.51

5.29

0.66

1.42

1.70

1.53

NS

NS

 Co-point A (mm)

3.26

3.67

5.84

1.081

3.17

2.16

4.51

2.08

NS

NS

 SNA (°)

0.45

3.54

0.06

1.32

0.32

1.22

− 0.42

1.08

NS

NS

 Point A-Nasion perp (mm)

0.86

1.83

0.58

2.97

1.26

1.55

− 0.38

1.19

NS

NS

 Maxillary depth (°)

0.82

1.64

0.70

2.64

1.24

1.63

0.26

1.26

NS

NS

 Co-Gn (mm)

6.49

5.98

8.94

9.02

5.44

3.15

8.72

3.61

NS

NS

 SNB (°)

0.41

2.59

1.65

2.32

0.16

1.47

− 0.53

1.71

NS

**

 Pg-Nasion perp (mm)

2.65

3.49

3.84

4.96

3.37

4.28

1.16

2.30

NS

NS

 Wits appraisal (mm)

− 0.46

1.94

− 2.70

2.53

0.16

0.80

0.73

1.25

NS

***

 ANB (°)

− 0.18

1.27

− 1.37

1.06

0.23

0.88

0.20

1.16

NS

**

 Maxillary/mandibibular difference (mm)

3.22

3.23

5.64

7.62

2.26

1.88

4.42

3.20

NS

NS

 FH-occlusal plane (°)

− 1.22

2.46

− 1.09

3.55

− 2.38

2.64

− 1.22

2.26

NS

NS

 SN-palatal plane (°)

0.45

2.12

− 0.55

3.05

− 0.80

2.67

2.29

2.94

NS

*

 MPA (°)

− 1.47

2.95

− 1.96

2.88

− 1.93

2.81

− 1.82

2.18

NS

NS

 Nasion-Me (mm)

4.24

6.33

10.24

19.48

3.56

2.52

8.46

3.08

NS

NS

 S-Go (mm)

3.92

3.42

5.09

5.45

3.60

3.36

8.61

3.56

NS

*

 ANS-Me (mm)

3.17

3.29

5.82

11.59

1.90

1.86

3.12

2.28

NS

NS

 Gonial angle (°)

− 0.98

4.55

− 1.08

3.32

− 1.20

4.74

− 3.90

6.82

NS

NS

 S-Go/Nasion-Me (%)

1.46

2.76

1.66

2.04

0.77

2.03

0.97

2.46

NS

NS

 Facial axis (°)

0.88

4.30

1.87

2.68

1.06

1.49

0.79

1.20

NS

NS

 Overjet (mm)

− 0.68

0.70

− 1.09

1.47

0.20

1.15

1.62

1.34

*

***

 Overbite (mm)

− 0.38

0.75

− 0.64

0.90

0.74

1.31

0.84

1.02

**

***

 Interincisal angle (°)

0.66

6.45

3.55

5.92

0.81

8.79

6.34

4.41

NS

NS

 Molar relationship (mm)

− 0.54

1.23

− 0.76

1.76

− 0.02

0.81

− 0.12

1.11

NS

NS

 U1 to point A to Nasion perp (mm)

0.88

1.62

1.14

0.87

1.14

0.85

1.12

1.19

NS

NS

 U1 to FH (°)

− 0.48

3.98

− 0.06

2.85

0.80

5.76

0.02

2.43

NS

NS

 L1 to A-Pg (mm)

0.52

1.39

0.32

1.21

0.12

1.47

− 0.72

1.52

NS

*

 L1 to MPA (°)

1.27

3.72

− 1.13

4.20

1.15

4.41

− 0.51

1.81

NS

NS

 Lower lip to E plane (mm)

− 0.94

2.08

− 1.44

1.61

− 1.46

2.30

− 1.76

0.85

NS

NS

 Upper lip to E plane (mm)

− 1.57

2.08

− 2.63

2.80

− 1.86

2.03

− 1.98

0.95

NS

NS

 Nasiolabial angle (°)

− 0.16

5.68

− 1.06

4.36

0.76

4.74

− 0.43

2.10

NS

NS