Table 3 Studies classified by AI/ML algorithm employed

Artificial neural network—ANN

13

[18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]

Convolutional neural network—CNN

9

[31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]

Support vector machine

9

[20, 24, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46]

Regression

8

[18, 20, 33, 39, 42, 47,48,49]

Random forest

5

[18, 20, 47, 50, 51]

Decision tree

3

[20, 41, 50]

Bayesian networks

3

[52,53,54]

Expert systems

3

[55,56,57]

Active shape models

2

[58, 59]

Automatic detection algorithms

2

[60, 61]

Fuzzy clustering

2

[62, 63]

Active appearance models

2

[64, 65]

Shape variation analyzer

2

[66, 67]

Pattern matching

2

[68, 69]

Light GBM

1

[47]

XG boost

1

[47]

Deep learning network

1

[70]

k-nearest neighbors

1

[20]

Naïve-Bayes

1

[20]

Machine learning with LINKS

1

[71]

Gaussian process regression—GPR

1

[40]

Logic learning machine

1

[72]

Mean shift algorithm

1

[43]

Network analysis

1

[73]

Projected principle edge distribution

1

[74]

Spatial spectroscopy

1

[75]

Unspecified algorithms

4

[76,77,78,79]