Table 2 Presentation of evidence related to microRNAs in orthodontics based on participants and study characteristics, GCF handling, and outcomes
S No. | Authors | Age/sex of study participants | Oral fluid | miRNA studied | Observation times | Study characteristics | GCF Collection | Handling | Analysis | Results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [21] | 15 (10–17 y) patients for test sample, 4M (26–28 y) for std. sample | GCF | miRNA-29 (a/b/c) | 5 times, T0-prior to retr., T1-1 hr post retr., T2-1 d post retr., T3-7 d post retr., T4-6 wk post retr. | CaninerRetr. force of 250 g | Periopaper, Mesial site of canine | 1min. placement, repeat 4 times | Quan. & qual. of RNA; Bioanalyzer, spectrophotometer, secretory miRNA presence: miScript PCR array, miRNA-29 presence: RT-real-ime PCR | Stat. sign. increase in levels of miRNA-29 family from T0-T4,-specificall y in miRNA-29b: from T0-T1, T0-T3, no stat. diff b/w levels of miRNA 29-a,b,c | Presence of miRNA-29 in GCF (mostly in exosome) in OTM, role in regulation of osteoclasts & ECM molecule expression |
2 | [7] | 20 (12–18 y) | GCF | miR-34a and MMPs-1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 14 | 6 times, T0-day of force application, T1-1 hr post retr., T2-1 d post retr., T3-1 wk post retr., T4-4 wk post retr., T5-12 wk post retr. | Canine retr. as explained in [48], oral hygiene protocol of 0.12% CLX gluconate rinse for 1 wk, random canine as index tooth, contra. canine as control, canine retr. | Periopaper, tension & compr. sites | 1min. placement | RT-PCR | T2–T4: mi-34a decrease & MMPs increase compared to T0, T1, T5: baseline levels, -ve correl. of miR-34a with MMP-2, 9, 14, no diff. b/w tension & compr. sites, no variation in control teeth | miRNA-34a role in OTM, regulates osteogenic function, Wnt/b-catenin pathway |
3 | [2] | 11 (3M, 8F, 10-18y), ethnic distr.: 9 Hispanics, 1 African American, 1 Caucasian. | GCF | miRNA 29 (a,b,c), 21, 101 | 6 times, T0-before bonding, T1-0 d of canine retr. (before retr.), T2-1 hr post retr., T3-1 d post retr., T4-7 d post retr., T5- 5 wk post retr. | Canine retr. 250 g, by E-chain activn | Periopaper, MB DB sites | 1–2 mm insertion, 4 times collection (60 sec each) | Total RNA: spectrophotometer, specific miRNA: qRT-PCR, RNA assay, real-time PCR system | miRNA 29a: increase b/w T1–T2, fall in T3, peak at T5 (stat. sign.) miRNA 29b; stat. sign increase b/w T1–T2, T1–T4, T1–T5, miRNA 29c stat. sign. increase b/w T1–T5, miRNA 101: stat. sign. increase b/w T1–T4, T1–T5, miRNA 21: stat. sign. increase b/w T1-T5, no stat. diff. b/w levels of 29a,b,c | miRNAs-29a/b/c, miRNA-21 role in osteoclast & osteoblast regulation, miRNA 101:against fibrogenesis |
4 | [22] | 11 (4M, 7F, 14.75 y av. age)) | GCF | miRNAs 27 (a/b), 146(a/b), 214 | 5 times, T0-prior to bonding, T1-0 d (before coil spring activn.), T2-2 wk post retr., T3-5 wk post retr., T4-7 wk post retr. | Canine retr. with 150cN closed coil spring anchored to sectional L-loop &TADs | Periopaper | 5 periopaper strips at each time point (60 sec each), 1st for volumetric & rest 4 for miRNA measurements | Real-time qRT-PCR, spectrophotometer | Canine m/ment distance b/w T1-T2 showed stat. sign. +ve correl. with profile express. of miRNA-27a at T2, miRNA27b at T2, miRNA 214 at T2, b/w T1-T3 with profile express. of miRNA 27b at T3, no change in miRNA 146a/b, mild -ve correl. b/w GCF volume & miRNA-27a change at T4 | Role of miRNA 27a/b, 146a/b, 214 in OTM, of which expression profile of miRN27a/b, 214 showed correl with canine m/ment, role in catbolic & anabolic pathways |