Force profile assessment of direct-printed aligners versus thermoformed aligners and the effects of non-engaged surface patterns

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 1 Comparing TFA-NA (no attachments) and TFA-YA (with attachments)

Displacement	Unit (N)	TFA-NA		TFA-YA		p value
Displacement	Unit (N)	Mean ± SD	Median	Mean ± SD	Median	p value
0.10 mm	Peak force	5.26 ± 0.51	5.11	5.13 ± 0.89	5.34	0.94
0.10 mm	Stabilized force	4.73 ± 0.50	4.60	4.6 ± 0.84	4.74	0.97
0.20 mm	Peak force	10.52 ± 0.69	10.52	10.37 ± 1.21	10.39	0.82
0.20 mm	Stabilized force	9.77 ± 0.76	9.68	9.60 ± 1.18	9.75	0.94
0.30 mm	Peak force	16.16 ± 0.71	16.10	15.85 ± 1.36	16.26	0.94
0.30 mm	Stabilized force	15.04 ± 0.8	14.89	14.84 ± 1.48	15.30	0.55