Table 2 Skeletal and dental cephalometric landmarks

Nasion (N)

Midpoint of the frontonasal suture

Sella (S)

Central point of the hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica)

Porion (Po-L/R)

Higher point of the external ear canal, right and left

Orbitale (Or-L/R)

Anteroinferior point of each orbital rim

Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS)

Most anterior median point of the anterior nasal spine

Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS)

Most posterior median point of the posterior nasal spine

Point A

Maximum concavity point on the median line of the maxillary alveolar process

Point B

Maximum concavity point on the median line of the mandible

Pogonion (Pog)

Most anterior point on the medial line of the mandibular symphysis

Menton (Me)

Lower point of the chin on the median line

Gnathion (Gn)

Lower anterior point on the median line of the mandibular symphysis

Basion (Ba)

Most anterior point of the foramen magnum

Gonion (Go-L/R)

Most inferior, posterior, and lateral point on the angle of the mandible

Frontozygomatic (Fz-L/R)

Most medial and anterior point of each frontozygomatic suture

Zygion (Zy-L/R)

Lateral point of each zygomatic arch

Jugale (J-L/R)

Lateral point of the maxillary upright

Condylion (Co-L/R)

Most posterior-superior point of each condyle on the sagittal plane

Pterion (Pt-L/R)

Point of intersection between the round foramen and the pterygomaxillary fossa, left and right

Upper first Left/Right (U1-L/R)

Most occlusal point of the upper central incisors, left and right

Upper first Left/Right Root (U1Ro-L/R)

Root apex of upper central incisors, right and left

Upper third Left/Right (U3-L/R)

Cusp of the upper right and left canines

Upper sixth Left/Right (U6-L/R)

Mesiobuccal cusp of the superior first molars, right and left

Lower first Left/Right (L1-L/R)

Most occlusal point of the lower central incisors, right and left

Lower first Left/Right Root (L1Ro-L/R)

Root apex of lower central incisors, right and left

Lower third Left/Right (L3-L/R)

Cusp of lower right and left canines

Lower sixth Left/Right (L6-L/R)

Mesiovestibular cusp of the first lower molars, right and left