Table 3 Periodontal outcomes including the follow-up periods
From: The effects of fixed and removable orthodontic retainers: a systematic review
Study | Intervention | Plaque Index | Gingival Index | Calculus | Bleeding on probing | Probing attachment level | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Nimri et al. 2009 [25] | - 0.036″ Round stainless steel fixed retainer (canines only) (n = 31) | Mean after at least 12 months, 1.02 ± 0.52 | Mean after at least 12 months, 1.19 ± 0.44 |  |  |  | |||||||||
- 0.015″ multistrand fixed retainer (n = 31) | Mean after at least 12 months, 1.21 ± 0.48 | Mean after at least 12 months, 1.34 ± 0.39 |  |  |  | ||||||||||
Bazargani et al. 2012 [14] | - 0.0195″ multistrand fixed retainer with two-step bonded resin adhesive (n = 25) |  |  | 4 % (2 years) |  |  | |||||||||
- 0.0195″ multistrand fixed retainer with non-resin adhesive (n = 26) |  |  | 31 % (2 years) |  |  | ||||||||||
Torkan et al. 2014 [16] | - Fiber-reinforced composite resin fixed retainer (n = 15) | Maxilla: median 0 (baseline), 1.66 (6 months) Mandible: median 0.91 (baseline), 2 (6 months) | Maxilla: median 0.5 (baseline), 1 (6 months) Mandible: median 0.33 (baseline) 1 (6 months) | Maxilla: Median 0 (baseline and 6 months) Mandible: Median 0 (baseline), 0.33 (6 months) | Maxilla: Median 0.16 (baseline), 0.5 (6 months) Mandible: Median 0 (baseline), 0.66 (6 months) |  | |||||||||
- 0.0175″ multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer (n = 15) | Maxilla: median 0.33 (baseline), 0.66 (6 months) Mandible: median 0.33 (baseline), 0.91 (6 months) | Maxilla: median 0 (baseline), 0.83 (6 months) Mandible: median 0.16 (baseline), 0.41 (6 months) | Maxilla and mandible: Median 0 (baseline and 6 months) | Maxilla: median 0 (baseline), 0.5 (6 months) Mandible: median 0 (baseline) 0.33 (6 months) |  | ||||||||||
Tacken et al. 2010 [31] | - Glass fiber-reinforced fixed retainer (500 unidirectional glass fibers) (n = 45) | 6 months, 1.88 ± 0.74 | 12 months, 2.32 ± 0.93 | 18 months, 2.25 ± 0.78 | 24 months, 2.11 ± 0.73 | 6 months, 1.20 ± 0.43 | 12 months, 1.00 ± 0.30 | 18 months, 1.28 ± 0.36 | 24 months, 1.51 ± 0.45 |  | 6 months, 0.72 ± 0.22 | 12 months, 0.89 ± 0.19 | 18 month, 0.82 ± 0.23 | 24 months, 1.00 ± 0.35 |  |
- Glass fiber-reinforced fixed retainer (1000 unidirectional glass fibers) (n = 48) | 6 months, 2.03 ± 0.84 | 12 months, 2.12 ± 0.77 | 18 months, 2.48 ± 0.69 | 24 months, 2.18 ± 0.79 | 6 months, 1.09 ± 0.46 | 12 months, 1.09 ± 0.34 | 18 months, 1.20 ± 0.33 | 24 months, 1.55 ± 0.37 |  | 6 months, 0.76 ± 0.18 | 12 months, 0.81 ± 0.21 | 18 months, 0.89 ± 0.23 | 24 months, 1.06 ± 0.29 |  | |
- 0.0215″ coaxial fixed retainer (n = 91) | 6 months, 1.74 ± 0.92 | 12 months, 2.09 ± 0.82 | 18 months, 2.07 ± 0.76 | 24 months, 2.14 ± 0.78 | 6 months, .0.71 ± 0.29 | 12 months, 0.61 ± 0.29 | 18 months, 0.70 ± 0.27 | 24 months, 0.98 ± 0.54 |  | 6 months, 0.46 ± 0.18 | 12 months, 0.55 ± 0.19 | 18 months, 0.57 ± 0.21 | 24 months, 0.84 ± 0.38 |  | |
Liu et al. 2010 [23] | - 0.75-mm fiber-reinforced composite fixed retainer (n = 30) |  |  |  | Baseline, 3.50 6 months, 10.17 12 months, 11.12 | Baseline, 6.33 6 months: 8.51 mm 12 months: 9.24 mm | |||||||||
- 0.9-mm multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer (n = 30) |  |  |  | Baseline, 3.67; 6 months, 8.89; 12 months, 9.24 | Baseline, 5.92 6 months: 8.08 mm 12 months: 8.92 mm | ||||||||||
Artun et al. 1997 [28] | - 0.032″ plain fixed retainer (canines only) (n = 11) | Baseline, 0.32 3 years, 0.06 | Baseline, 1.01 3 years, 0.66 | Baseline, 16.67 3 years, 3.33 |  | Mean attachment loss at 3 years, 0.85 mm | |||||||||
- 0.032″ spiral fixed retainer (canines only) (n = 13) | Baseline, 0.17 3 years, 0.10 | Baseline, 0.95 3 years, 0.49 | Baseline: 8.64 3 years, 3.09 |  | Mean attachment loss at 3 years, 0.63 mm | ||||||||||
- 0.0205″ spiral wire fixed retainer (n = 11) | Baseline, 0.26 3 years, 0.13 | Baseline, 1.14 3 years, 0.39 | Baseline, 17.36 3 years, 17.36 |  | Mean attachment loss at 3 years, 0.62 mm | ||||||||||
- Removable retainer (n = 14) | Baseline, 0.31 3 years, 0.13 | Baseline, 1.08 3 years, 0.77 | Baseline, 9.52 3 years, 8.33 |  | Mean attachment loss at 3 years, 0.72 mm | ||||||||||
Heier et al. 2010 [30] | - 0.0175″ multistrand stainless steel fixed retainer (n = 22) | Baseline, 2.78 6 months, 3.03 | Baseline, 0.79 6 months, 0.40 | Baseline and 6 months, 0.20 | Baseline, 0.32 6 months, 0.23 |  | |||||||||
- Hawley retainer (n = 14) | Baseline, 2.78 6 months, 2.52 | Baseline, 0.80 6 months, 0.74 | Baseline, 0.05 6 months, 0.06 | Baseline, 0.34 6 months, 0.22 |  | ||||||||||