The three-dimensional morphology of mandible and glenoid fossa as contributing factors to menton deviation in facial asymmetry—retrospective study

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 1 The landmarks used in this study

Landmarks	Abbreviation	Description
Crista galli	Cg	The most superior point of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
Opisthion	Op	The most posterior point on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum
Porion	Po	The highest point on the roof of the external auditory meatus
Orbitale	Or	The deepest point on the infraorbital margin
Condylion superius	Cd_sup	The most superior point of the condyle head
Condylion medialis	Cd_med	The most medial point of the condyle head
Condylion lateralis	Cd_lat	The most lateral point of the condyle head
Condylion anterius	Cd_ant	The most anterior point of the condyle head
Condylion posterius	Cd_post	The most posterior point of the condyle head
Sigmoid notch	S	The most inferior point of sigmoid notch
Gonion lateralis	Go_lat	The most lateral point of the gonion area
Gonion posterius	Go_post	The most posterior point of the gonion area
Gonion inferius	Go_inf	The most inferior point of the gonion area
Antegonion	Ag	The deepest point of antegonial notch of mandible
Menton	Me	The most inferior point on mandibular symphysis
Roof of glenoid fossa	RG	The highest point on the roof of the glenoid fossa
Articular eminence	AE	The most inferior point on the articular tubercle