Progress in Orthodontics

Table 3 Comparison of displacement of the surface landmarks in the maxillofacial structures with maxillary protraction without maxillary expansion (Simulation A) when 250-g force was applied

From: Biomechanical effects of Skeletally anchored Class III elastics on the maxillofacial complex: a 3D finite element analysis

		Angle of force 10° to occlusion			Angle of force 20° to occlusion			Angle of force 30° to occlusion
		X (mm)	Y (mm)	Z (mm)	X (mm)	Y (mm)	Z (mm)	X (mm)	Y (mm)	Z (mm)
Simulation A
Maxilla	ANS	0.011	− 0.396	0.180	0.006	− 0.347	0.055	0.006	− 0.296	0.010
	Point A	0.011	− 0.429	0.180	0.006	− 0.371	0.012	0.006	− 0.313	0.020
	U1 point	0.018	− 0.560	0.196	0.013	− 0.483	0.115	0.012	− 0.405	0.065
Mandible	Point B	0.000	0.008	− 0.032	0.00	0.005	− 0.018	0.00	0.005	− 0.016
	Pogonion	0.000	0.017	− 0.032	− 0.001	0.010	− 0.018	0.00	0.009	− 0.016
	Condylion	− 0.002	− 0.007	0.004	0.002	− 0.003	0.002	0.002	− 0.003	0.001
Simulation B
Maxilla	ANS	0.214	− 0.065	− 1.324	0.150	− 0.057	− 1.191	0.133	− 0.052	− 1.059
	Point A	− 0.134	− 0.262	− 1.324	− 0.116	− 0.227	− 1.191	− 0.089	− 0.175	− 1.059
	U1 point	− 1.674	− 0.556	− 1.743	− 1.506	− 0.482	− 1.569	− 1.399	-0.371	− 1.394
Mandible	Point B	0.000	0.004	− 0.008	0.000	0.002	− 0.008	0.000	0.002	− 0.007
	Pogonion	0.000	0.007	− 0.008	0.000	0.004	− 0.008	0.000	0.004	− 0.007
	Condylion	0.001	− 0.002	0.001	0.001	− 0.001	0.001	0.001	− 0.001	0.001

X, lateral displacement (+, lateral; −, median). Y, antero-posterior displacement (+, posteriorly; −, anteriorly). Z, Vertical displacement (+, superiorly; −, inferiorly).
U1 point—on the incisal edge of maxillary central incisor
L1 point—on the incisal edge of mandibular central incisor

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