Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate and universal adhesive resin as a complementary approach for management of white spot lesions: an in-vitro study

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 2 Means, standard deviations, and Tukey’s analysis of the surface microhardness and surface roughness of the studied groups (p < 0.0001)

Group	Surface microhardness (kg/mm²)	Surface roughness (μm)
I (Sound enamel)	319.2^a ± 3.16	1^c ± 0.02
II (Artificially created WSLs)	177.8^e ± 2.2	2.35^a ± 0.21
III (ICON resin-treated WSLs)	248.3^c ± 3.03	1.65^b ± 0.16
IV (CPP-ACP-treated WSLs)	274.48^b ± 3.54	1.83^b ± 0.08
V (Universal adhesive resin-treated WSLs)	196.78^d ± 5.35	1.73^b ± 0.07
VI (CPP-ACP and universal adhesive resin-treated WSLs)	286.82^b ± 4.57	1.56^b ± 0.1

Means with the same superscript letter in each column are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05