Table 1 Definitions of the anatomical three-dimensional: skeletal, dentoalveolar, and dental landmarks used in the study

Quantitative basal landmarks

1

Molar Right/Left Nasal Floor

The most inferior point on the right/left side of the nasal floor at the level of maxillary first molars

2

Premolar Right/Left Nasal Floor

The most inferior point on the right/left side of the nasal floor at the level of maxillary first premolars

3

Right/Left Molars Buccal Cusp

The most inferior point of the right /left buccal cusps at the centre of the maxillary first molars

4

Mid-palatal Point

The most inferior point of the oral floor of the palatal bone at the level of the maxillary first molars

Quantitative dentoalveolar landmarks

5

Alveolar molar point

The most infero-lateral point on the alveolar ridge opposite the centre of the maxillary first molar

6

Alveolar premolar point

The most infero-lateral point on the alveolar ridge opposite the centre of the maxillary first premolar

7

Molar Dental Point

The point on the right/left side of the mesiobuccal cusp at the centre of the maxillary first molars

8

Premolar Dental Point

The point on the right/left side of the buccal cusp at the centre of the maxillary first premolars

9

Canine Dental Point

The point on the right/left side at the centre of the maxillary canines

10

Midline point

The mesial contact point on the right/left side of the maxillary incisors

Quantitative dental landmarks

11

Canine Cusp Tip

The most inferior point on the centre of the cusp of the maxillary canines

12

Canine Root Apex

The most superior point on the centre of the root of the maxillary canines

13

Contact Point

The most lateral point on the mesial/distal contact of the maxillary canines