Dentofacial characteristics of children and adolescents with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a comparison with matched controls

Progress in Orthodontics

Table 4 Descriptive statistics for the cephalometric measurements in the FASD and control groups

Measurement	FASD				Control				Norm
Measurement	Min	Max	Mean	SE	Min	Max	Mean	SE	Norm
SNA	74.7	88.9	81.7	0.61	74.2	87.4	81.7	0.51	82 ± 3.5
SNPog	70.9	89.0	78.5	0.73	74.1	84.8	80.6	0.52	80 ± 3.5
SNB	70.3	88.5	77.8	0.68	73.5	84.0	79.5	0.49	80 ± 3
ANPog	0.28	9.57	3.47	0.39	− 4.50	3.90	1.05	0.35	2 ± 2.5
ANB	− 0.27	9.14	3.86	0.40	− 1.90	4.70	2.19	0.30	2 ± 2
SN-ANS-PNS	0.62	15.8	7.97	0.67	0.90	10.5	6.87	0.48	8 ± 3
SN-Go-Gn	18.7	45.1	29.1	1.12	25.6	39.7	32.3	0.62	33 ± 2.5
ANS-PNS-Go-Gn	11.7	33.9	21.2	1.00	17.9	33.2	25.4	0.71	25 ± 6
Gonial angle	109	138	123	1.20	120.4	140	128	0.91	127 ± 8
U1-ANS-PNS	92.3	126	112	1.14	88.6	115	103	1.24	110 ± 6
L1-Go-Gn	78.0	114	98.8	1.31	79.6	102	87.8	1.01	94 ± 7
L1-APog	− 1.76	7.91	1.86	0.37	0.80	8.50	4.07	0.31	2 ± 2
Overjet	− 2.15	9.68	3.82	0.34	1.80	5.40	3.76	0.19	3.5 ± 2.5
Overbite	− 0.16	5.69	3.23	0.27	− 1.60	4.90	2.35	0.32	2 ± 2.5
Interincisal angle	105	147	128	1.54	114	152	136	1.68	132 ± 6
Nasolabial angle	70.0	124	105	2.01	96.8	134	114	1.66	110 ± 7
Upper lip-E-plane	− 6.92	2.10	− 1.59	0.36	− 7.20	0.80	− 3.22	0.35	0.5 ± 2.5
Lower lip-E-plane	− 5.48	4.64	− 0.35	0.38	− 4.70	2.70	− 1.85	0.40	0.5 ± 1.5