Fig. 4

Cell culture mimicking the in vivo conditions in which macrophages in the grafts were subjected to mechanical force. A A schematic diagram of the cell culture study. The THP-1-induced macrophages were distributed to four groups: Control (C), BG material (B), Force (F), and Force + BG material (F + B) groups, and were cultured for 6 and 24 h, respectively. B Microscopic examination of cell morphology. C Western blotting analysis of protein levels in each group at 6 and 24 h. D Quantitative analysis of levels of cAMP. E, F Quantitative analysis of the protein and mRNA expression levels of PKA. G, H Quantitative analysis of the protein and mRNA expression levels of RAC1. Each value represents the mean (n = 3/group) ± the standard error. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, values were compared among group C and the other three groups (B, F, and F + B), respectively. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001, values were compared among group B and the other two groups (F and F + B), respectively. ^† p < 0.05, ^†† p < 0.01, ^††† p < 0.001, values were compared between the F and F + B groups