The effect of archwire size on tooth movement
In the case of a 0.021-in. archwire (Fig. 2a), although the central incisor tipped lingually by 6.4°, the root apex moved distally so that the anterior teeth could move bodily. However, in the case of 0.018 and 0.016-in. archwires, root apices of the incisor moved mesially, namely the occurrence of lingual tipping. The lingual tipping rapidly moved the incisor’s crown, and the distal movement of the incisor increased when decreasing the archwire size. It was generally agreed that a play of the archwire-bracket slot should be reduced in order to control precisely the tooth movement.
Immediately after the retraction force was applied, the bracket rotated within a play of the archwire-bracket slot, and the incisor tipped lingually thereby. This tipping, which was produced without moment, was a kind of uncontrolled tipping. The lingual tipping continued till the tipping angle reached the maximum rotation angle Δθ so that both diagonal corners of rectangular section of the archwire contacted to the bracket slot (Fig. 1). After that, the lingual tipping was prevented by the archwire. This is one of the reasons why the lingual tipping angle of the incisor increased with decreasing the archwire size. A play between the archwire and bracket slot produces lingual tipping in all the teeth whenever their brackets move. This tipping cannot be prevented by using an inversely prebent archwire. In clinical situations, the amount of tipping due to a play changes depending on the initial position of archwire in the bracket slot. When an archwire is placed into the bracket slot with a clearance gap as shown in the top illustrations of Fig. 1, the maximum tipping occurs. When an archwire is initially in contact with the bracket slot as shown in the bottom illustrations of Fig. 1, tipping due to a play does not occur. This initial contact will be caused by using an archwire with an initial twist or bend and by a misalignment between the archwire and bracket slot.
By observing the tooth movement especially in Fig. 2c, we can understand that bowing caused by elastic deflection of the archwire was another reason for lingual tipping of the incisors. This tipping occurred under a condition where a moment was applied from the archwire to the incisor, and therefore, it was a kind of controlled tipping. The tipping angle of the incisor was greater than the maximum rotation angle Δθ in each archwire size. The difference between both angles is due to the elastic deflection of the archwire, which increases by decreasing the archwire size. In Fig. 2, the tipping angle due to the elastic deflection becomes 4.1° (= 6.4–2.3°), 6.9° (= 16.7–9.8°), and 7.6° (= 25.6–18.0°) when decreasing the archwire size. Elastic deflection of the archwire affected individual teeth differently. In the central incisor, an elastic deflection caused lingual tipping, and it was added to that produced by the play. As a result, lingual tipping of the central incisor became remarkable. In the canine, crown distal tipping was caused by an elastic deflection of the archwire. In the molars, the influence of elastic deflection was small. In all kinds of tooth, tipping due to the elastic deflection can be prevented by using an inversely prebent archwire or torqueing (third-order bend) of archwire [13].
Elastic deformation is inversely proportional to Young’s modulus of the archwire [14]. If a Ni-Ti super elastic archwire or a TMA (Ti-Mo alloy) archwire was used in place of a stainless steel archwire, the amount of the elastic deflection will more than treble. This is the reason why low stiffness archwires are unsuitable for any sliding mechanics. In addition, the amount of the elastic deflection is proportional to the retraction force P [14]. If the P increases from 1.5 N to 3.0 N, the tipping angle of the incisor due to the elastic deflection will also increase twice.
Lingual tipping, or rotation of the incisor in the sagittal plane, leads to the extrusion, which may result in overbite. In Fig. 2, the extrusion increased together with the lingual tipping when decreasing the archwire size. This secondary movement is apt to be overlooked. Clinicians should pay attention to not only lingual tipping but also extrusion of the incisor, when using a light archwire in the miniscrew sliding mechanics. This caution is also valid for the conventional sliding mechanics without a miniscrew.
In the three archwire sizes, although the posterior teeth slightly rotated counterclockwise, the distal movements were very small. This is the most advantage over the conventional sliding mechanics in which the posterior anchorage teeth move mesially to some extent. In the case of a 0.021-in. archwire (Fig. 2a), an occlusal plane of the entire dentition hardly rotated during the space closing. Movement of the entire dentition is very sensitive to the force direction [6, 7]. If a shorter power arm or a lower miniscrew position is used, the counterclockwise rotation of the entire dentition will increase. The effect of force direction in the miniscrew sliding mechanics has been discussed in detail in the previous study [7].
In Fig. 2a, a combination of a 0.021 × 0.025-in. wire and a 0.022-in. bracket was used to simulate an ideal case where there was almost no play between the archwire and the bracket slot. This combination is not usually used in clinical settings, because the play is so small that an archwire may not slide smoothly along the bracket slot.
It was found that tipping of the anterior teeth was due to three causes, a play of the archwire-bracket slot, an elastic deflection of the archwire, and a rotation of the entire dentition. Among these three causes, only the tipping due to an elastic deflection of archwire can be prevented by using an inversely prebent archwire or torqueing (third-order bend). When using such archwires, only tipping due to elastic deflection decreased, but the other types of tipping are left. If using a prebent archwire or a third-order bend to diminish tipping of the incisor caused by a play, the other teeth will be tipped as a reaction against the upright direction of the incisor. It is due to the law of action and reaction.
Based on the simulation results, the authors propose the following recommendations to achieve a tooth movement without undesired tipping in clinical settings. To prevent tipping due to a play between the archwire and the bracket slots, the archwire should be twisted initially so that contact is just made between the archwire and the bracket slots. It is necessary to predict tipping direction and twist the archwire in its opposite direction. Tipping due to an elastic deflection can be prevented by using an initially prebent archwire or torqueing (third-order bend). But an optimal amount of the prebend or the torqueing is unknown before treatment. Movement pattern of the entire dentition can be controlled by the force direction in respect to the center of resistance (CR) of the entire dentition [7]. But a correct position of the CR in a patient’s dentition is uncertain. For these reasons, an optimal condition for desired movement cannot be selected before treatment. In such situations, when undesired tipping is observed in clinical treatments, its causes should be identified at first. Then, reasonable methods should be taken to prevent the tipping in accordance with the causes.
Advantage and limitation of the present simulation
The finite element method that has been developed by the authors can simulate three-dimensional long-term tooth movements [8,9,10]. This method will be like no other in orthodontics. Observing the simulated results in Fig. 2, we can easily understand how the archwire size affects the tooth movement.
It was found that two mechanisms produced lingual tipping of the anterior teeth when decreasing the archwire size. One mechanism was rotation of the bracket within a play between the archwire and the bracket slot. It will be easily understood without the present simulation. The other mechanism was elastic deflection of the archwire. In addition to that, the lingual tipping led to extrusion of the anterior teeth. These archwire’s deflection and incisor’s extrusion may not be imagined without the present simulation. This is a reason for necessitating such finite element simulations.
In the present simulation, effects of the archwire size could be examined under the same property of tooth movement. This is an advantage of the finite element simulation over randomized controlled trials (RCT), where the effect of the archwire size may be buried under the individual difference in tooth movement. Although such a finite element simulation can never take the place of RCT, it is of help to understand how and why a mechanical factor affects tooth movement.
In the present method, orthodontic tooth movement was assumed to occur by resorption and apposition of the alveolar bone (bone remodeling) depending on the mean stress in the PDL. This assumption could not be verified because the biological mechanism of the orthodontic tooth movement has not been fully clarified. Most importantly, the orthodontic tooth movement is controlled by the elastic response of the PDL through the remodeling law. The long-term orthodontic tooth movement therefore occurs in accordance with the initial tooth movement produced by elastic deformation of the PDL. This is an essential principle of the present simulation. This principle, which means that the initial tooth movement is a predictor of the orthodontic tooth movement, will be generally accepted to many clinicians and has been also confirmed by an animal experiment [15]. This is the reason why the authors believe tooth movements simulated by the present method are similar to those in clinical situations. In the present case where many teeth were connected with an archwire, the initial tooth movements of each tooth had to be updated at the current force system. Other assumptions used in the present method have been already discussed in the previous studies [8,9,10,11].
The present study must be objectively evaluated. But it is difficult to find comparable data to the present simulation results. Several finite element studies have been carried out about the miniscrew sliding mechanics [16,17,18]. Although their purposes were different from the present study, tooth movements only at the initial force system have been calculated by using precise finite element models. Their results were very useful for understanding of the initial movement; however, their movement patterns will be different from those of the long-term movement.
