Table 3 Study characteristics: participants (sample size, demographic information), intervention (orthodontic treatment), observation, comparison (biological substance), dose and route of administration, outcome (rate of tooth movement), and study design

Yamasaki et al. [27]

Prospective clinical trial (split mouth)

Phase 1: 9 patients; 8F, 1 M; (11.8 Y)

Phase 2: 8 patients; 6F, 2 M (15.6 Y)

E: 10; C: 10 (quadrants)

Phase 3: 8; 6F, 2 M (12.9 Y)

E: 10; C:10 (quadrants)

FPm extraction cases

Phase 1:Lingual arch + 2 double springs; 100 gm, constant force

Follow-up period: between 8 and 26 days

Phase 2: closing loop; 150 gm, constant force

Follow-up period: Between 10 days and 3 weeks.

Phase 3: Open coil springs; 150 gm, constant force

Anchorage (HG or HA)

Follow-up period: Between 1.5 and 4.8 months

Phase 1:

Buccal movement of FPm

Phase 2:

Canine retraction

Phase 3:

Canine retraction

Clinical measurement

PGE1

Phase 1: E: 10 μg; submucosal buccal right FPm

Frequency: inconsistent (3 to 5 injections)

Phase 2: E: 10 μg; submucosal distal to canine

Frequency: inconsistent (3 to 4 injections)

Phase 3: E: 10 μg; submucosal distal to canine

Frequency: inconsistent (5 to 13 injections)

mm/month

Phase 1: E/C ratio: 2.14 ± 0.33

Phase 3: E: 2.07 ± 0.26

C: 1.30 ± 0.16

Spielmann et al. [25]

Prospective clinical trial (split mouth)

5 Patients; 1 F, 4 M (16 Y)

Elastic chain between FPm (transversely)

Force application: 4 weeks (weekly reactivation)

Follow-up period: month

Lingual movement of FPm

Photographs

PGE1

E: (10 μg); local administration; weekly, (for 4 weeks)

mm/month

E: 3.10

C: 1.03

Patil et al. [40]

Prospective clinical trial (split mouth)

14 Patients; 10 F, 4 M (17.7 Y)

FPm extraction cases, NiTi retraction springs; 150 g

Anchorage: TPA and 2nd molars

Follow-up period: 2 months

Canine retraction

Occlusogram

PGE1

E: (1 g); distal to canine; (days 1, 6, and 17)

mm/2 months

E: 3.48 ± 0.69

C: 2.01 ± 0.49

Al-Hasani et al. [26]

RCT (split mouth)

15 Patients; (17–28 Y)

E1: 5; E2: 5; E3: 5 (quadrants)

C: 15 (quadrants)

FPm extraction orthodontic cases

150 g retraction force

Anchorage: TPA, stops, ligating SPm and FM

Follow-up period: 3 weeks

Canine retraction

Clinical measurements

Vitamin D (calcitriol)

E1: 15 pg, E2: 25 pg, E3: 40 pg vit D; local administration; weekly (for 3 weeks)

mm/3 weeks

E1: 1.29 ± 0.61

C1: 1.42 ± 0.63

E2: 1.57 ± 0.84

C2: 1.04 ± 0.33

E3: 1.15 ± 0.36

C3: 1.04 ± 0.3

McGorray et al. [28]

RCT

39 Patients; E: 16F, 4 M (26.2 Y)

C: 12F, 7 M (27.7 Y)

Aligner therapy: 4 maxillary aligners (2 weeks/aligners)

(0.5 mm anteroposterior movement)

Follow-up period: 2 months

Right or left central incisor (crown tipping)

Superimposition digital

Human relaxin hormone

E: (50 μg/0.2 ml); 2 injections (facial and lingual); local infiltration; weekly, (for 8 weeks)

mm/2 months

E: 0.83

C: 0.83

Ciur et al. [41]

Prospective clinical trial (split mouth)

6 Patients; 3F, 3 M (18 Y)

FPm extraction cases

Closed coil NiTi spring; 150 g

Anchorage:TPA

Follow-up period: 3 weeks

Canine retraction

CBCT

Vitamin D3 (decostriol)

E: (42 pg/1 ml) 0.2 mL vit D; local administration; weekly (for 3 weeks)

mm/month

E: 1.7 ± 0.63

C: 1.00 ± 0.61

Tehranchi et al. [31]

RCT (split mouth)

8 Patients; 3F, 5 M

(17.37 Y).

30 extraction sockets

(E: 15, C: 15)

FPm extraction cases

Closed coil NiTi spring; 150 g

Follow-up period: 4 months

Canine retraction

Stone dental casts-digital caliper

LPRF

E: LPRF immediate placement in extraction socket; (only once)

mm/4 months

E: 6.65 ± 0.83

C: 6.76 ± 0.76

Nemtoi et el [30].

Prospective clinical trial (split mouth)

20 patients; 11F, 9 M

(16.43 Y)

40 extraction sockets

(E: 20, C: 20)

FPm extraction cases

Closed coil NiTi spring; 150 g

Follow-up period: 6 months

Canine retraction

Stone dental casts-ruler

PRF

E: PRF plugs in extraction socket; (only once)

mm/6 months

E:3.1

C:1.9

Yussif et al. [42]

RCT

12 Patients; 9 F, 3 M (16–34 Y)

E: 6 subjects; C:6 subjects

Unilateral palatal impacted max canine

Elastic chain traction (every 2 weeks)

Follow-up period: 1 month

Canine traction

Clinically on radiographs (panoramic and occlusal)

Vitamin C

E: (200–300 mg); Intraepidermal injection;

1–1.5 mL of l-ascorbic acid divided by 6 to determine dose for 1 tooth: biweekly (for 6–8 continues orthodontic visits)

mm/month

E: 2.25 ± 0.274

C: 1.08 ± 0.376

Varughese et al. [43]

RCT, (split mouth)

15 Patients; (22.5 Y)

FPm extraction cases

Closed coil NiTi spring; 150 g

Anchorage: bilateral 2nd molar banding/TPA

Follow-up period: 3 months

Canine retraction

Stone dental casts-digital caliper

Vitamin D (1,25 DHC)

E: 50 pg per 0.2 mL; intraligamentary injection; distal to the canine; monthly (for 12 weeks)

1st month E: 1.568 ± 0.368

C: 1.0260 ± 0.1777

El-Timamy et al. [32]

RCT, (split mouth)

15 Patients; 15 F (18 ± 3 Y)

FPm extraction cases

Closed coil NiTi spring; 150 g

Anchorage: mini-implants (TADs)

Follow-up period: 4 months

Canine retraction

Digital dental casts—superimposition

PRP

E: 250 mg (0.25 mL) PRP +  10% CaCl2 solution; intraligamentary; every 3 weeks (at 0, 3, 6 weeks)

mm/4 months

E:4.57 ± 1.13

C:4.53 ± 1.12