The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the failure rates of mini-implants placed in the infrazygomatic region and to evaluate factors that affect their stability.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 30 consecutive patients (55 mini-implants) who had infrazygomatic mini-implants at a University Clinic were evaluated for failure rates. Patient, mini-implant, orthodontic, surgical, and mini-implant maintenance factors were evaluated by univariate logistic regression models for association to failure rates.
Results
A 21.8 % failure rate of mini-implants placed in the infazygomatic region was observed. None of the predictor variables were significantly associated with higher or lower odds for failed implants.
Conclusions
Failure rates for infrazygomatic mini-implants were slightly higher than those reported in other maxilla-mandibular osseous locations. No predictor variables were found to be associated to the failure rates.
Keywords
Infrazygomatic mini-implantsFailure rateStability
Background
Mini-implants have become a tool to address anchorage needs in the modern orthodontic practice. They have been widely utilized for anchorage reinforcement and placed within and outside of the dentoalveolar region. Possible insertion sites for mini-implants in the maxilla include the area below the nasal spine [1], the palate [2], the alveolar process [3–5], and the infrazygomatic (IZ) crest [6]. Insertion sites other than the alveolar process allow for more versatility of orthodontic tooth movements since the roots do not interfere with tooth displacement. Specifically, the IZ crest of the maxilla is one of these anatomical sites distant from the dentoalveolar region, which allows unobstructed tooth movement, decreasing the chance of root contact.
The IZ region has important osseous characteristics such as the presence of thicker cortical bone, which allows good primary stability [7]. In fact, this region in partially edentulous patients is considered to have the best bone quality in the maxilla [8]. IZ mini-implants have been successfully used to provide skeletal anchorage for en-masse anterior retraction and intrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth [6, 9, 10].
The success and failure rate of mini-implants have been studied extensively, especially for mini-implants placed in tooth-bearing regions. Success has been defined when mini-implants are maintained in bone until the end of treatment or intentional removal, regardless of [11]. On the other hand, failure is considered as severe clinical mobility of a mini-implant that results in its inability to act as a stationary anchor, which requires removal or replacement, or loss of a mini-implant less than 8 months after placement [12–14]. Factors affecting the success and failure rate of mini-implants have been divided into different categories. These categories are patient, mini-implant, orthodontic, surgical, and mini-implant maintenance factors [11, 12, 15, 16].
There is lack of evidence in the literature specifically investigating the failure rate of mini-implants placed in the IZ region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate failure rates of mini-implants placed in the IZ crest of the maxilla and investigate the factors affecting this unfavorable outcome.
Methods
A retrospective pilot chart review of patients that had received IZ mini-implants for orthodontic treatment from July 2007 to November 2013 was conducted at the University of Connecticut after IRB approval (IRB 13-146-3). Inclusion criteria were all patients that had received a mini-implant placed in the IZ region for use as temporary anchorage device and that had complete records. The database of the orthodontic clinic was used to search for these patients. Exclusion criteria included patients with chart notes that did not record status of the mini-implants throughout treatment. In the database search for patients that had received infrazygomatic mini-implants in our institution during the specific time period, we found a total of 40 subjects. Of these, 10 subjects were excluded from the study due to lack of complete records such as incomplete chart notes or photographs not taken at 3 months interval in the digital record.
Chart notes and photographic images of the digital charts of the patients were analyzed to evaluate the dependent and independent variables. The primary outcome was mini-implant failure. Independent variables associated to mini-implant success were as follows: patient-, mini-implant-, orthodontic-, surgical-, and mini-implant maintenance-related factors. These independent variables were evaluated as predictors of mini-implant failure.
Data from a total of 30 consecutive patients (mean age 22.2 ± 11 years) who had 55 IZ mini-implants placed and met the inclusion criteria was collected (Table 1). Four different types of mini-implants [Lomas (Mondeal, Tuttligen, Germany), Imtec (Unitek 3M, Monrovia, California), Aarhus (Medicon, Tuttligen, Germany), Dual Top (RMO, Denver, Colorado)] were used and analyzed. The brand selection for each patient was based on the availability of the mini-implant system and mini-implant in the clinic at the time of placement. The surgical procedure included local anesthesia followed by a small tissue punch. A pilot hole was placed with a manual driver for 22 of the 55 mini-implants. The same manual driver was used for the pilot hole regardless of the brand of the mini-implant. Placement of the mini-implants was performed with the specific driver designed for that particular system by the manufacturer. The mini-implants were placed by two types of operators, an experienced clinician (more than 50 mini-implants placed, FU) and by residents under direct supervision of this operator. Nine orthodontic residents placed the mini-implants during this time period, all of whom had minimal experience in mini-implant placement (less than 10 mini-implants placed). All mini-implants were placed at an approximate angle of 40° to 70° to maxillary occlusal plane in the IZ area by palpating the “key ridge” above the first permanent molar (Fig. 1) [7, 10].
Table 1
Failure rates by characteristics of patients
Characteristic
Total N
Failure rate (%)
Age
<18 years
29
20.69
≥18 years
26
23.08
Gender
Male
13
38.46
Female
42
16.67
Presence of medical condition
Yes
6
50
No
49
18.37
Lomas (Mondeal, Tuttligen, Germany)
Yes
43
18.60
No
12
33.33
Diameter of implant
1.50 or 1.80
10
30
2.00 or 2.30
45
20
Length of implant
6 to 8 mm
13
30.77
9 mm
42
19.05
Force magnitude
150 g
12
16.67
>150 g
43
23.26
Type of movement
Purely intrusive
25
16
All others
30
26.67
Oral hygiene
Poor
14
35.71
Good or fair
41
17.07
Operator experience
Experienced
11
18.18
Inexperienced
44
22.73
Use of pilot hole
Yes
22
13.64
No
33
27.27
Side of implant
Left
28
25
Right
27
18.52
Fig. 1
Mini-implant placed in the IZ region of the maxilla
After placement, initial stability of the mini-implant was checked by the operator who ensured there were no signs of mobility. The mini-implants were used for the retraction, distalization, and intrusion purposes. Combination of these movements such as intrusion–retraction and intrusion–distalization was also recorded. The mini-implants were loaded with these types of forces for an average of 13.67 ± 6.79 months. The primary outcome variable of interest was implant failure of the mini-implants.
Failure was defined as a mini-implant that had to be removed or had fallen out after placement. The effect of oral hygiene on survival of the mini-implants was assessed. The sample was divided into three groups depending on the patients’ oral hygiene: good, fair, or poor, and was determined based on the photographic images and notes from the record. Vertical facial pattern was evaluated based on the mandibular plane angle (MPA) and Frankfurt/mandibular plane angle (FMA).
Statistical analysis
The outcome of interest was “failure” of implants. This was modeled as a binomial variable (Failure—yes/no). Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize the estimates of failure rates across different levels of predictor variables. The predictor variables examined included age, gender, presence of medical conditions, mini-implant brand (Lomas versus others), diameter of implant, length of implant, amount of force used, type of movement, oral hygiene, operator experience, use of pilot hole, and side of infrazygomatic implant. Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the independent association of each predictor variable with the outcome (failure of implants). The regression models were fit using Generalized Estimating Equations method. The effect of clustering of outcomes within patients was adjusted in the models. An exchangeable correlation matrix was specified. Odds ratio for each characteristic that resulted in a failed mini-implant was calculated. Each individual implant was the unit of analysis. All tests were two sided and a p value of <0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 22.0 (IBM Corp, New York City, NY) and SAS Version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Results
Table 1 describes all the patient-, implant-, orthodontic-, surgical-, and implant maintenance-related characteristics of the patient sample and mini-implants placed. Of the 30 patients (55 mini-implants) that received IZ mini-implants, majority were female, with no significant medical condition. Approximately 80 % of the mini-implants were Lomas (Mondeal, Tuttligen, Germany) with a 2 × 9 mm dimension. All mini-implants were placed in unattached gingiva almost evenly distributed between left and right sides and immediately loaded. Most patients maintained good or fair oral hygiene and no infection developed around any of the mini-implants. A loading force of 200 g for intrusion of posterior teeth purposes was used on the majority of mini-implants. The average MPA and FMA angles were 39.9° ± 6.60° and 31.3° ± 6.36°, respectively.
Over the course of treatment, 21.8° % of the mini-implants failed. Overall, failure rates were higher among those aged ≥18 years, males, with medical conditions, use of non-Lomas implants, implants with length of 6 to 8 mm (compared to 9 mm), implants with 1.5/1.8 mm diameter (compared to 2 or 2.3 mm diameter), use of force greater than 150 g, with poor oral hygiene, when placed by inexperienced operators, and left-sided implants. Purely intrusive movements had lower failure rates when compared to all other combinations of movements. Failure rates were lower when pilot holes were used. The results of the univariate logistic regression analyses are summarized in Table 2. The estimates from the regression models indicated that none of the predictor variables were significantly associated with higher or lower odds for failed implants.
Table 2
Estimates from univariate regression analysis (independent association between predictor variables and failed implants)
Predictor variable
Estimate
Odds ratio
p value
Age
<18 years
−0.1182
0.89
0.86
≥18 years
Reference
Gender
Female
−1.1383
0.32
0.11
Male
Reference
Presence of medical condition
Yes
1.50
4.48
0.14
No
Reference
Lomas (Mondeal, Tuttligen, Germany)
Yes
−0.7983
0.45
0.31
No
Reference
Diameter of implant
1.50 or 1.80
0.5630
1.76
0.40
2.00 or 2.30
Reference
Length of implant
6 to 8 mm
0.7078
2.03
0.37
9 mm
Reference
Force
150 g
−0.4282
0.65
0.59
>150 g
Reference
Type of movement
Purely intrusive
−0.6377
0.53
0.34
All others
Reference
Oral hygiene
Poor
1.0269
2.79
0.09
Good
Reference
Operator experience
Experienced
−0.3145
0.73
0.6848
Inexperienced
Reference
Use of pilot hole
Yes
−0.8610
0.42
0.32
No
Reference
Side of implant
Left
0.3962
1.49
0.53
Right
Reference
Discussion
A recent meta-analysis reported that the average overall success rate of mini-implants to be approximately 86 % [14]. This analysis included studies for mini-implants placed in different maxillomandibular locations. However, the vast majority of the studies reporting on mini-implant failure rate have predominantly focused on those placed in interradicular sites [3, 4, 11, 17, 18]. The findings of our study show that IZ mini-implants have slightly lower success rate (78.2 %) than that of the average mini-implant. This is in contrast to Liou et al.’s [6] findings who reported 100 % success of mini-implants placed in this region.
The reason for the different results in success rates with our study may be attributed to the size of the mini-implants. In their study, the length of the mini-implants was 17 mm. Additionally, the success rate on that study was based on a limited time period of 9 months compared to our study where mini-implants were loaded for an average of 13 months. Furthermore, mini-implant mobility, recorded as displacement, was reported in Liou’s study in 44 % of the patients. Thus, failure could have been evidenced at a later time point for these patients. Finally, although the mini-implants in our study were either placed by an experienced operator, or supervised by an experienced operator who had placed more than 50 mini-implants, our experience in placement of the IZ mini-implants developed through the duration of the study. It is possible that the perfect success rate reported in Liou’s study might be related to experienced operators with more than 50 mini-implants placed in this specific region.
One important variable for the different success rates of mini-implants is skeletal facial pattern. Moon et al. [19] found similar success rates (77 %) to those of our study for mini-implants placed interdentally in patients with high Frankfurt-mandibular plane angle (FMA). This skeletal type was prevalent in the majority of our patients where the average FMA and mandibular plane angle (MPA) was 31.3° and 39.9°, respectively. This finding is also in agreement with a study by Miyawaki et al. [3] who also reported that mini-implants placed in patients with high MPA had lower success rates (72.7 %). Indeed, it has been found that patients with an increased vertical skeletal pattern have reduced cortical bone thickness, which may affect primary stability of the mini-implants [20]. However, it is unknown if this reduced cortical bone thickness is also present in the infrazygomatic region.
An evaluation of patient-, mini-implant-, orthodontic-, surgical-, and mini-implant maintenance-related factors that could affect the stability of mini-implant was performed. Among all these factors, none were associated with greater odds of failure. Poor oral hygiene showed a trend to be associated to failure rates. Although this is an expected finding, there is controversy of the role of oral hygiene in mini-implant failure. Sharma et al. [21] reported that poor oral hygiene and inflammation were associated to mini-implant failure. On the other hand, Park et al. [11] found that oral hygiene played no role, but local inflammation around the mini-implants did.
Perhaps the type of mucosa surrounding the mini-implant may play a more important role in the inflammatory reaction and thus the success of the mini-implant. It has been reported that nonkeratanized gingiva may be a risk factor for mini-implant failure. Viwattanatipa et al. [22] found low survival rates of mini-implants placed in the infrazygomatic region or vestibular area (46 % after 1 year). In this study, all the mini-implants were placed on nonkeratanized tissue which could be less resistant to the effects of plaque and thus compromise mini-implant stability. Possibly a longer mini-implant that approximates the attached gingiva may reduce the potential for the development of an inflammatory process.
Although there were some mini-implants that became mobile, some of these did not fail. This is consistent with the findings of Liou et al. [6] who specifically evaluated IZ mini-implants and found this type of screws have some degree of mobility without failure. However, we observed that mobility appeared to be closely related to failure.
One surprising finding was the fact that operator experience was unrelated to mini-implant failure. Since this type of mini-implant placement has more technical difficulty, it was expected that non-experienced operators would have more failures. This nonsignificant finding in the regression analysis may be related to the fact that these mini-implants, although placed by residents, were still supervised by the experienced operator.
One important factor that could contribute to the failure rate is the angle of placement and the direction of loading force in mini-implants placed in the IZ region. In fact, Perillo et al. [23] found in a recent study using a finite element analysis that the insertion angle of the mini-implant and the direction of force have a significant influence in the stress on the bone. This parameter was not evaluated in the present study, as it would have needed to be examined in a prospective nature. Moreover, recording the direction of the force vector may be difficult as it may vary as treatment progresses based on the biomechanical needs.
The main limitation of this study is its retrospective nature. Although success rates can be reported when a categorical variable is reported as yes or no, the factors associated to these failures are more difficult to extract from chart notes. In fact, the selected patients from the clinic database may have not accounted patients where the IZ mini-implant was placed and removed immediately due to inadequate primary stability, thus underestimating the true failure rate. Although there is a possibility for this, based on the authors’ experience, inadequate primary stability of the mini-implants in this IZ region has rarely been observed. Regardless of these limitations, this study provided data for expected success rates in mini-implants placed in the IZ region, which from a biomechanical perspective, provide significant versatility for orthodontic tooth movements difficult to achieve from anchorage drawn from mini-implants placed in interradicular sites.
The present study was designed to be a pilot explorative study of a multitude of patient- and provider-related factors associated with failure of IZ mini-implants. A multitude of patient- and provider-related factors could influence outcomes (in this case—failure of IZ mini-implants) and the precise role of each variable on the outcome is difficult to elucidate with a small sample size. This is particularly true when there are variations in the distribution of covariates. The current study was designed to be a pilot project and we identified a mix of patient-related factors that are associated with IZ mini-implant failures. We intend to use results from the present study to design a future prospective study to identify factors associated with failure of IZ mini-implants. Our study included 30 patients (55 mini-implants). These patients were selected based on a chart review over a 6-year time period. Our unit of analysis was each individual mini-implant. In effect, our sample size was 55. This number is still inadequate and the present study may be underpowered considering the number of variables we included in the regression models. It is difficult to increase the sample sizes for such single center studies owing to the fact that very few patients elect to have IZ mini-implants and relatively few number of orthodontists place the IZ mini-implants. The solution will be to increase sample sizes by conducting multi-center studies where we can capture an adequate number of patients that are also heterogeneous in terms of covariate distribution. The present study results will aid in designing better controlled multi-center prospective studies. Therein lies the importance of the present study.
Conclusions
Mini-implants placed in the IZ region had a 21.8 % failure rate. This failure rate is slightly higher than that reported for mini-implants placed interradicularly.
Patient, mini-implant, orthodontic, surgical, and mini-implant maintenance factors were not predictive of failure rates.
Declarations
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, Charles Burstone Professor, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine
(2)
Private Practice
(3)
Private Practice
(4)
Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine
(5)
Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa
References
Kim TW, Kim H, Lee SJ. Correction of deep overbite and gummy smile by using a mini-implant with a segmented wire in a growing Class II Division 2 patient. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(5):676–85.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Karagkiolidou A, Ludwig B, Pazera P, Gkantidis N, Pandis N, Katsaros C. Survival of palatal miniscrews used for orthodontic appliance anchorage: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;143(6):767–72.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Miyawaki S, Koyama I, Inoue M, Mishima K, Sugahara T, Takano-Yamamoto T. Factors associated with the stability of titanium screws placed in the posterior region for orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;124(4):373–8.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Motoyoshi M, Uemura M, Ono A, Okazaki K, Shigeeda T, Shimizu N. Factors affecting the long-term stability of orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;137(5):588 e1–5. discussion −9.Google Scholar
Foot R, Dalci O, Gonzales C, Tarraf NE, Darendeliler MA. The short-term skeleto-dental effects of a new spring for the intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth in open bite patients. Prog Orthod. 2014;15:56.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Liou EJ, Pai BC, Lin JC. Do miniscrews remain stationary under orthodontic forces? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2004;126(1):42–7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Liou EJ, Chen PH, Wang YC, Lin JC. A computed tomographic image study on the thickness of the infrazygomatic crest of the maxilla and its clinical implications for miniscrew insertion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;131(3):352–6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Melsen B, Petersen JK, Costa A. Zygoma ligatures: an alternative form of maxillary anchorage. J Clin Orthod. 1998;32(3):154–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Kuroda S, Katayama A, Takano-Yamamoto T. Severe anterior open-bite case treated using titanium screw anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(4):558–67.PubMedGoogle Scholar
Liou EJ, Lin JC. Appliances, mechanics, and treatment strategies toward orthognathic-like treatment results. In: Nanda R, editor. Temporary anchorage in orthodontics. St. Louis: Mosby; 2009.Google Scholar
Park HS, Jeong SH, Kwon OW. Factors affecting the clinical success of screw implants used as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(1):18–25.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Antoszewska J, Papadopoulos MA, Park HS, Ludwig B. Five-year experience with orthodontic miniscrew implants: a retrospective investigation of factors influencing success rates. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136(2):158 e1–10. discussion −9.Google Scholar
Baek SH, Kim BM, Kyung SH, Lim JK, Kim YH. Success rate and risk factors associated with mini-implants reinstalled in the maxilla. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(5):895–901.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Papageorgiou SN, Zogakis IP, Papadopoulos MA. Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: a meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;142(5):577–95. e7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Chugh T, Ganeshkar SV, Revankar AV, Jain AK. Quantitative assessment of interradicular bone density in the maxilla and mandible: implications in clinical orthodontics. Prog Orthod. 2013;14:38.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Kuroda S, Sugawara Y, Deguchi T, Kyung HM, Takano-Yamamoto T. Clinical use of miniscrew implants as orthodontic anchorage: success rates and postoperative discomfort. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;131(1):9–15.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Lee SJ, Ahn SJ, Lee JW, Kim SH, Kim TW. Survival analysis of orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;137(2):194–9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Moon CH, Park HK, Nam JS, Im JS, Baek SH. Relationship between vertical skeletal pattern and success rate of orthodontic mini-implants. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138(1):51–7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Ozdemir F, Tozlu M, Germec-Cakan D. Cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process measured with cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;143(2):190–6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Viwattanatipa N, Thanakitcharu S, Uttraravichien A, Pitiphat W. Survival analyses of surgical miniscrews as orthodontic anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136(1):29–36.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Perillo L, Jamilian A, Shafieyoon A, Karimi H, Cozzani M. Finite element analysis of miniscrew placement in mandibular alveolar bone with varied angulations. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(1):56–9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
