- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Three-dimensional assessment of periodontal support of lower incisors for skeletal Class II malocclusion undergoing presurgical orthodontic treatment with different vertical skeletal patterns
Progress in Orthodontics volume 24, Article number: 45 (2023)
Abstract
Background
The aim of the present study was to compare periodontal support changes during retraction of mandibular anterior teeth for skeletal Class II malocclusion with different facial divergence and to analyze relevant factors influencing bone remodeling by applying three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction technology.
Methods
Forty-eight patients with Class II malocclusion requiring surgical orthodontic treatment enrolled in the study were divided into the hyperdivergent group (n = 16), normodivergent group (n = 16) and hypodivergent group (n = 16) according to their vertical skeletal patterns. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were obtained before treatment (T1) and after presurgical orthodontic treatment (T2). The two-dimensional (2D) alveolar bone morphology, movement of mandibular central incisors and volume of the alveolar bone around incisors were measured on the labial and lingual sides by 3D CBCT reconstruction technology. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA, paired t tests and multiple linear regression.
Results
During presurgical orthodontic treatment, the alveolar bone height on the labial side of the hyperdivergent group decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), but was maintained in the normodivergent and hypodivergent groups (P > 0.05). However, the alveolar bone volume, alveolar bone thickness at each level and alveolar bone height on the lingual side decreased significantly for all the groups. Apart from the initial morphometric measurements at T1, the morphology of lingual alveolar bone at T2 was significantly influenced by the direction and amount of tooth movement. Horizontal retraction and vertical protrusion of the root apex were negatively related to the alveolar bone on the lingual side after presurgical orthodontic treatment.
Conclusion
For Class II malocclusion patients undergoing presurgical orthodontic treatment, the changes in the periodontal support of the lower central incisors varied in different vertical skeletal patterns. There exists a great periodontal risk of alveolar bone resorption on the lingual side for various vertical types. To avoid alveolar bone deterioration, it is essential to investigate the bone remodeling of patients with different alveolar bone conditions and cautiously plan tooth movement prior to orthodontic treatment. Moreover, 3D measurements based on CBCT construction can provide complementary information to traditional 2D measurements.
Background
Adults with severe skeletal Class II malocclusion need surgical orthodontic treatment to improve occlusal function and esthetic appearance [1]. During decompensation treatment before orthognathic surgery, mandibular incisors must undergo retraction [2]. Anatomically, the alveolar bone becomes thinner from the posterior to the anterior region in the mandible. Mandibular incisors are the ones most prone to gingival recession, dehiscence and fenestrations [3, 4]. For patients with bialveolar protrusion, excessive retraction of mandibular anterior teeth with premolar extraction increases the risk of periodontal deterioration [5, 6], and 48% of lingual sides of mandibular central incisors exhibit a bone height decrease of > 2 mm [7]. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that, under some circumstances, an increase in labial alveolar bone due to orthodontic mandibular incisor retraction can be expected [8]. A previous study indicated that Class II patients had a greater prevalence of fenestration than Class I and Class III malocclusions [9]. Moreover, skeletal Class II patients have thinner labial cortical bone in mandibular anterior teeth than skeletal Class I patients [10], which demonstrates periodontal risks in the presurgical decompensation phase of mandibular incisors. Hence, it is crucial to evaluate mandibular alveolar bone loss in orthodontic patients with skeletal Class II occlusion during presurgical orthodontic movement.
Alveolar bone condition after orthodontic treatment is dominantly influenced by the morphology of alveolar bone before orthodontic treatment and bone remodeling secondary to orthodontic tooth movement [11]. Previous studies have reported that vertical skeletal patterns are important factors influencing the morphology of alveolar bone. Hyperdivergent subjects have thinner cortical alveolar bone than normodivergent and hypodivergent subjects [10, 12, 13]. The lingual alveolar bone thickness of mandibular anterior teeth was negatively correlated with the FMA value [14]. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that orthodontic movement should allow the tooth to remain within the bone. Proffit proposed the 'envelope of discrepancy' to represent the limits of tooth movement [15]. Violating the bone envelope can lead to adverse reactions such as bone dehiscence, gingival recession and root resorption [16,17,18,19]. Therefore, the vertical skeletal patterns and direction and amount of orthodontic movement should be thoroughly considered when performing en masse retraction of mandibular incisors.
Due to the ability to evaluate the height and thickness of the alveolar bone and the orthodontic movement of every single tooth, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become increasingly mainstream in diagnostics and orthodontic treatment planning [20]. In addition to two-dimensional (2D) linear measurement in the sagittal plane, CBCT has made it possible to assess alveolar bone condition in a more intuitive and comprehensive way. The periodontal ligament area and the alveolar bone volume of different surfaces around the tooth could be measured by three-dimensional (3D) CBCT reconstruction technology [21,22,23]. Previous studies have reported that digital teeth and bone models generated by 3D CBCT reconstruction can provide accurate and reliable information compared with microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) data [24,25,26]. Earlier research also found that CBCT with a voxel size of 0.30Â mm reliably provided accurate data regarding the alveolar crest morphology [22]. Moreover, previous studies have found that the 3D measurement of root surface area of periodontal attachment and 2D vertical bone level is inconsistent [27], and diagnosis on the basis of 2D radiographic bone without considering the 3D condition may underestimate the severity of periodontal damage [28].
At present, previous studies have mainly focused on the morphologic changes in alveolar bone during lower incisor retraction without considering the influence of vertical skeletal patterns on alveolar bone conditions. Furthermore, the association between tooth movement and remodeling of the surrounding bone is still controversial. To avoid alveolar bone deterioration, it is essential to investigate the bone remodeling of patients with different alveolar bone conditions and cautiously plan tooth movement prior to orthodontic treatment. Hence, this study aimed to compare alveolar bone changes during retraction movement of mandibular anterior teeth with premolar exaction for skeletal Class II malocclusion with different facial divergence and to analyze relevant factors influencing bone remodeling.
Material and methods
Selection of the sample
This retrospective cohort study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee. Forty-eight patients with Class II malocclusion requiring surgical orthodontic treatment were enrolled in the study from 2014 to 2022. These subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their vertical skeletal patterns (Table 1): Group 1 comprised 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age, 25.81 ± 4.90 years) with a hyperdivergent skeletal pattern [SN-MP (°) > 37.7°]; group 2, 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age, 26.31 ± 5.74 years) with a normodivergent skeletal pattern [27.3° < SN-MP (°) ≤ 37.7°]; and group 3, 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age, 23.75 ± 4.70 years) with a hypodivergent skeletal pattern [SN-MP (°) < 27.3°].
Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age > 18 years; (2) skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion (ANB angle > 4.7°; overjet > 4 mm); (3) mild crowding (< 4 mm) in the mandibular arch and the initial rotation degrees of mandibular central incisors < 15°[29]; and (4) presurgical orthodontic design as follows: Mandibular bilateral first premolars were extracted, and anchorage in the mandibular arch was reinforced using miniscrew implants.
The exclusion criteria were severe facial asymmetry (> 3 mm of chin point deviation from the facial midline), poor oral hygiene and uncontrolled periodontal disease, cleft lip or palate or other craniofacial syndromes, missing or decayed teeth before treatment (except for the third molars) and orthodontic treatment history.
All orthodontic treatments were performed by a single orthodontist with a straight-wire fixed appliance (0.022-in slot size, MBT prescription), and the archwire sequence involved 0.014-, 0.016-, 0.018- and 0.018 × 0.025-in nickel–titanium wires followed by a 0.018 × 0.025-in stainless steel wire. After presurgical orthodontic treatment, all the subjects underwent bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and LeFort I surgery with rigid internal fixation.
CBCT scans were obtained before treatment (T1) and after presurgical orthodontic treatment (T2). CBCT images were acquired with the New Tom VG device (Aperio Services, Italy) at the following settings: 3.0 mA, 110 kV, exposure time of 1.8 s, voxel size of 0.25 mm and scanning area of 10 × 10 cm.
Lower central incisors (LCIs) on the right side were selected as subjects for measurement. The definitions of the measurements used in this study are described in Table 2. The measurements in this study were modified based on those reported by Lee et al. [30] and Ma et al. [31]
Alveolar bone volume measurements
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) files of CBCT were imported into Mimics 19.0 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). In Mimics, 3D digital models of the lower central incisors and bone in vivo were reconstructed on the basis of those reported by Forst et al. [32] and Lyu et al. [21, 22]
The digital models were exported in stereolithographic (STL) format and imported into Geomagic software (Geomagic, Cary, NC, USA). The measurements of alveolar bone volume in this study were modified on the basis of those reported by Zhang et al. [23].
To obtain the labial and lingual alveolar bone volume models, we first cut the tooth model along the CEJ plane and removed the crown in Geomagic (Fig. 1A). On the CEJ plane, the widest labiolingual distance was defined as reference line 1. Reference line 2 was a line perpendicular to reference line 1 through the midpoint of reference line 1 (Fig. 1B). The line from the midpoint of line 1 to the root apex point was the root long axis (Fig. 1C). Reference plane 1 was formed by reference line 2 and the root long axis. The tooth model was separated into two parts by reference plane 1 (Fig. 1D). Then, we projected the tooth contour boundary lying on plane 1 perpendicular to plane 1 using the extrude boundary method (Fig. 1E). Afterward, we cut out the labial and lingual alveolar bone volume models from the bone model using the extruding boundary, respectively (Fig. 1F, G). The measurement of periodontal ligament area (PDLA) was described in detail in previous study [22].
2D measurements
The alveolar bone morphology and root length (RL) of the right LCIs were measured on CBCT images evaluated with Dolphin 11.8 software (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, USA) (Fig. 2). The images were oriented along the root long axis, the line from the midpoint of the cementoenamel junction to the apical point. As shown in Table 2, the specific measurement variables included root length (RL), vertical alveolar bone level (VBL) and alveolar bone thickness (ABT). The ABT was measured at the middle root level and root apex level on the sagittal slices where incisors were the widest labiolingually in the axial view. The VBL included the labial side (VBL-LA), lingual side (VBL-L), mesial side (VBL-M) and distal side (VBL-D).
Measurements of tooth movement
The distance between the presurgical and surgical orthodontic treatment of LCIs was measured by the superimposition of CBCT images with a voxel-based method [33]. The midsagittal plane was selected after reorientation, and the SN plane was rotated 7° clockwise as the horizontal coordinate axis [34]. The sagittal and vertical distances were then measured between the incisal edge points at T1 and T2 and the root apex at T1 and T2, and the angles of the long axes between T1 and T2 were measured (ΔAOL) (Fig. 2).
The sample size was calculated on the basis of the VBL and ABT reported by Hung BQ et al. [6] With a and power values set at 0.05 and 80%, respectively, 16 samples per group were needed.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 20.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). One-way analysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple comparison test was performed to compare measurements among groups at T1. The Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare the changing amounts of measurements from T1 to T2 among groups. A paired t test was used to compare changes in all the measurements before and after presurgical orthodontic treatment in the 3 groups. One-sample t test was used to compare tooth movement measurements of LCIs and 0 for different groups. At the same time, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to analyze alveolar bone morphologic measurements after presurgical orthodontic treatment (T2).
All measurements were taken twice by the same investigator at an interval of 2 weeks. The average value of the 2 measurements was used for statistical analysis. Bland‒Altman tests were applied to compare the 2 measurements. The mean difference between the measures was − 0.01 and − 0.31 for 2D and 3D measurements, respectively. The 95% limits of agreement were [− 0.52, 0.50] for 2D measurements and [− 8.33, 7.72] for 3D measurements. In addition, strong intraexaminer reliability was found for 2D (ICC = 0.996, 95% CI 0.995–0.997) and 3D measurements (ICC = 0.992, 95% CI 0.990–0.993).
Results
Before treatment, the V-LA of the hypodivergent group was larger than that of the normodivergent group. At the apical apex level, the hypodivergent group had significantly greater T-ALA, T-AL and T-AW than the other 2 groups. At the middle root level, the T-MW and T-ML of the hypodivergent group were significantly greater than those of the hyperdivergent group. However, the RL, PDLA and VBL at the labial, lingual, mesial and distal sides among all three groups were similar, and the T-MLA was approximately thin before treatment (Table 3).
During the decompensation procedure, the incisal edges among all the groups moved backward horizontally, and there was no significant difference among groups (3.94 mm in the hyperdivergent group, 4.25 mm in the normodivergent group and 5.42 mm in the hypodivergent group on average). The apical points moved backward among all the groups, and the horizontal movement of the hypodivergent group was significantly greater than that of the hyperdivergent group (1.65 mm in the hyperdivergent group and 3.30 mm in the hypodivergent group on average). Vertical changes in the apical point and incisal edge were not obvious in the normodivergent group during presurgical treatment. The incisal edge moved 1.41 mm downward in the hypodivergent group and 1.41 mm upward in the hyperdivergent group on average with statistical significance (Fig. 3). In addition, LCIs in the hyperdivergent group and normodivergent group were lingually inclined by 6.65° and 4.68° on average, respectively, with a significant difference (Table 4).
From T1 to T2, the RL in all three groups decreased by approximately 1 mm. On the labial side, the V-LA of all three groups increased or was maintained. The ΔV-LA of the hyperdivergent group was significantly smaller than that of the normodivergent and hypodivergent groups (Table 5). At the root apex level, the alveolar bone thickness of all the groups increased significantly. However, at the middle root level, although the T-MLA of the hypodivergent group increased significantly, there was no significant change in the hyperdivergent and normodivergent groups during the decompensation procedure (Table 3). The ΔT-MLA of the hypodivergent group was also greater than that of the hyperdivergent group (Table 5).
On the lingual side, during the decompensation course, the V-L, T-AL and T-ML of all three groups decreased significantly. At T2, the T-ML of all the groups was extremely thin (0.25 mm in the hyperdivergent group, 0.47 mm in the normodivergent group and 0.15 mm in the hypodivergent group on average) (Table 3). The ΔV-L and ΔT-ML of the hypodivergent group were significantly smaller than those of the hyperdivergent group, which meant that the hypodivergent group had more bone resorption on the lingual side in the retraction process (Table 5).
The VBL on the labial side of the hyperdivergent group increased by 1.53 mm on average, which meant that the labial alveolar bone height of the hypodivergent group decreased statistically, but was maintained in the normodivergent and hypodivergent groups. However, all three groups showed a significant increase in VBL on the lingual side, which meant a great reduction in lingual alveolar bone height. Although there was a slight increase in VBL-M and VBL-D in the hypodivergent group, the ΔVBL on the proximal sides of all three groups showed no apparent difference (Table 3).
The V-W and PDLA decreased significantly in all the groups, and the amount of reduction had no significant differences among the groups (Table 5). Although there was no significant change in the whole alveolar bone thickness at the root apex (T-AW) level during presurgical treatment for all the groups, the whole alveolar bone thickness at the middle root level (T-MW) of the hyperdivergent and normodivergent groups decreased significantly.
According to the results mentioned above, from T1 to T2, the labial alveolar bone volume and thickness were basically maintained or increased among groups; however, the lingual alveolar bone was significantly reduced. Therefore, in this study, groups, age, sex, ANB, SN-MP, IMPA, duration of therapy, measurements of alveolar bone at T1 and the amount of tooth movement were subjected to correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis to censor variables that affected the 3D and 2D morphometric measurements of the lingual alveolar bone at T2, as shown in Table 6.
The regression analysis showed that on the lingual side, the V-L at T2 was positively influenced by V-L (T1), T-AL (T1) and ΔS-apex. The T-AL at T2 was positively influenced by ΔS-apex, T-AL (T1) and ΔV-apex, but negatively influenced by ΔAOL. A positive value of ΔAOL indicates proclination, and a negative value indicates retroclination. The VBL-L at T2 was negatively influenced by T-ML (T1) and ΔS-apex. Apart from the initial morphometric measurements at T1, the morphology of lingual alveolar bone at T2 was significantly influenced by root movement. Retraction and protrusion of the root apex and the decrease in Δ AOL were negatively related to the volume and thickness of alveolar bone on the lingual side at T2.
Discussion
This study focuses mainly on quantifying the alveolar bone condition of lower incisors using the CBCT 3D technique during presurgical orthodontic treatment in adult skeletal Class II patients with different vertical skeletal patterns. Furthermore, our results reveal the detailed and comprehensive associations between the changes in the spatial position of the mandibular central incisors and the morphology of the lingual alveolar bone at different levels after the decompensation phase.
Before treatment, the morphology of the alveolar bone of the lower anterior teeth in different vertical patterns was different. For the hyperdivergent group, the alveolar bone thicknesses of the lingual side at the apical and midpoint levels were the thinnest among the groups [10, 14, 35], which suggested a greater lingual periodontal risk for LCIs during the root retracting process. To maintain the root within the alveolar bone and achieve the ideal overjet after decompensation for the desired surgical correction [36, 37] in the hyperdivergent group, the clinicians retracted LCIs in a controlled tipping manner with greater retraction of the crown than of the root apex (Fig. 3A). In contrast, the hypodivergent group had significantly greater lingual alveolar bone among the groups. Therefore, clinicians could retract LCIs of the hypodivergent group in a bodily manner with more torque control (Fig. 3C). Invasive alveolar bone resorption is a constant concern of orthodontists [19]. Our results provide insight into the effect of alveolar bone morphology on tooth movement in patients with different vertical patterns and remind clinicians to carefully consider periodontal condition and tooth movement in the treatment planning phase.
In the decompensation phase, for the hypodivergent and normodivergent groups, the labial alveolar bone volume increased or was maintained, and the VBLs at the labial sides were maintained. For the hyperdivergent group, although the labial alveolar bone thickness at the apical level increased, the alveolar bone height at the labial side decreased significantly, which was consistent with previous studies [5, 38]. The labial vertical bone loss in the hyperdivergent group could be partially explained by the result that the edge of the LCIs was slightly vertically extruded in the retraction process (Fig. 3A). Previous studies reported that the changes in labial alveolar bone remain controversial. After incisor retraction, some reported that the thickness of the labial alveolar bone at the apical level may be maintained or increase [5, 17, 39], while others reported a decrease in labial bone thickness at the cervical level [18, 40]. The differences in the enrolled patients in vertical skeletal patterns and retraction amount in these previous studies may explain the divergence in conclusions. In brief, for hyperdivergent patients, even if the labial alveolar bone volume was maintained, vertical marginal alveolar bone loss might occur at the labial side during the strong anchorage retracting process. Therefore, the risk of dehiscence, fenestration, gingival recession and black triangle on the labial side for hyperdivergent groups should not be ignored [41, 42]. Notably, for LCIs of hyperdivergent skeletal Class III malocclusion, apparent alveolar bone loss occurred at both labial and lingual sides in the LCI proclination process [21, 43]. Retraction or proclination movement is more likely to invade the mandibular alveolar bone barrier during orthodontic treatment, especially for the hyperdivergent group, as thinness of the labiolingual sides may be congenitally present in some patients. Labially augmented corticotomy-assisted orthodontics could provide a more favorable effect of improving periodontal status surrounding the mandibular anterior teeth for hyperdivergent patients [44].
The lingual alveolar bone volume, alveolar bone thickness and alveolar bone height of all three groups were significantly reduced during LCI retraction. After decompensation, the lingual bone thickness at the middle root level was extremely thin (< 1 mm on average) [45], and the vertical lingual alveolar bone height was reduced by more than 4 mm on average in each group, indicating that dehiscence occurred at the lingual side in all the groups [46], which suggested great periodontal risks and unoptimistic prognosis. Although before treatment, the lingual alveolar bone thickness of the hypodivergent group was significantly greater than that of the other groups, the lingual alveolar bone volume reduction of the hypodivergent group was significantly greater than that of the hyperdivergent group. The results suggested that in the case of strong anchorage retraction of LCIs, even if the lingual alveolar bone thickness of the hypodivergent group was greater before treatment, the risk of significant alveolar bone resorption and apparent dehiscence at the lingual side still existed because of the relatively large apical retraction. As a result, after decompensation, for all vertical skeletal malocclusion patterns, the periodontal risk of lingual alveolar bone should not be ignored during the retracting movement. Although a previous study [44] reported that with labial augmented corticotomy, the lingual thickness of the mandibular anterior teeth was reduced less than that of the control group after retraction movement, the loss of lingual vertical bone height of LCIs was statistically the same between the periodontal surgery group and the conventional group. Lu et al. [47] reported a single case of a Class I bialveolar protrusive malocclusion operating augmented corticotomy only on the lingual side in the mandibular anterior region. Their results showed that lingual augmented corticotomy could maintain periodontal health and increase the volume of soft and hard tissue. However, due to the small sample size and inadequate measurements, there was insufficient evidence to prove that this was directly related to the lingual augmented corticotomy operation. Therefore, safe and reliable lingual augmented corticotomy surgery still requires further research.
At present, bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment is still controversial. To avoid iatrogenic bone loss during orthodontic treatment, it is important to understand the bone remodeling ability of the patient and establish the amount of tooth movement prior to orthodontic treatment. The results of our study show that the morphology of lingual alveolar bone after decompensation was mainly affected by the initial condition of alveolar bone on the lingual side and the tooth movement patterns. The initial lingual alveolar bone volume and thickness were positively correlated with the volume and thickness of lingual alveolar bone after LCI retraction. Notably, the lingual bone height at T2 was correlated with the lingual thickness at the root midpoint level before treatment. The results suggested that with thinner lingual alveolar bone at the root midpoint level, the lingual marginal alveolar bone of LCIs would be more vulnerable to invasion during the retraction process, which may cause obvious bone dehiscence.
The tooth movement pattern also significantly affected the morphology of lingual alveolar bone after treatment. Greater horizontal apical retraction was significantly associated with greater lingual alveolar bone resorption [6, 25]. This study indicates that the retraction of LCIs with bodily movement was more susceptible to lingual alveolar bone recession than controlled tipping movement. In agreement with our study, Zhang et al. [48] and Hung et al. [6] also reported that bodily movement is more likely to influence the supporting alveolar bone. Furthermore, previous studies [49, 50] have reported that regarding proclined maxillary incisors, intrusion and retraction help reposition the teeth so that they are upright in the basal bone, leading to vertical alveolar bone gain. Our results showed similar findings in mandibular central incisors. The amount of vertical apex intrusion also had significant effects on lingual alveolar bone thickness after decompensation. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that intrusion of mandibular incisors may compensate for lingual alveolar bone loss during mandibular incisor retraction.
In our study, CBCT 3D measurements provided a more comprehensive understanding for clinicians regarding alveolar bone remodeling than 2D linear measurements. Our results showed that although there were no significant changes in the whole alveolar bone thickness at the apical level among the groups, the whole alveolar bone thickness at the root midpoint level decreased significantly. Hence, it is difficult to comprehensively represent the whole bone volume changes during treatment through 2D linear measurements such as bone thicknesses measured at specific CBCT levels. Nevertheless, 3D measurements, such as the whole alveolar bone volume and PDLA, were significantly reduced after the treatment, confirming that the total alveolar bone was reduced during the treatment. In addition, the digital 3D tooth and bone models used in this study could be saved as research material to investigate the specific sites of alveolar bone resorption for future studies. Therefore, 3D CBCT reconstruction provides useful information regarding periodontal defects and could be used as a complementary diagnostic technique to traditional 2D measurement.
Although this study provided informative findings on alveolar bone remodeling of LCIs for II malocclusions with different vertical skeletal patterns, limitations should be acknowledged. In this study, mandibular microimplants were used in all patients to achieve en masse retraction of LCIs. Hence, this study may not have fully reflected the effects of weak or moderate anchorage in the mandible. Moreover, the alveolar bone condition was evaluated within a very short period after finishing presurgical orthodontic treatment, and further research regarding long-term changes in alveolar bone is needed. Wang et al. [39] reported that after 18–24 months of retention, for LCIs, although the cervical alveolar bone seemed to recover over time to some extent, the alveolar bone condition did not reach the pretreatment levels. This indicates that the periodontal risk cannot be ignored even after long-term observation, which provides support for our study.
Conclusion
In this study, we found that for Class II malocclusion patients undergoing presurgical orthodontic treatment, the changes in the periodontal support of LCIs varied in different vertical skeletal patterns. For hyperdivergent patients, vertical marginal alveolar bone loss might occur on the labial side. There exists a great periodontal risk of alveolar bone resorption on the lingual side for various vertical types. Furthermore, this study systematically investigated the correlation between the initial condition of alveolar bone, tooth movement patterns and alveolar bone morphology after presurgical orthodontics on the lingual side. By providing a more concrete understanding of their intercorrelation, this study could help orthodontists comprehensively consider the basic condition of periodontal support and adjust the movement types of LCIs to avoid undesirable alveolar bone resorption before treatment and have a relatively accurate prediction for periodontal prognosis after treatment. Additionally, 3D measurements based on CBCT construction can provide complementary information to traditional 2D measurements.
Availability of data and materials
The data set supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article. Further data sets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- CBCT:
-
Cone-beam computed tomography
- 2D:
-
Two-dimensional
- 3D:
-
Three-dimensional
- RL:
-
Root length
- LCI:
-
Lower central incisor
- VBL:
-
Vertical alveolar bone level
- ABT:
-
Alveolar bone thickness
- LA:
-
Labial side
- L:
-
Lingual side
- M:
-
Mesial side
- D:
-
Distal side
- SN plane:
-
Sella–nasion plane
- AOL:
-
Angles of the long axes
- DICOM:
-
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine
- STL:
-
Stereolithographic
- PDLA:
-
Periodontal ligament area
- T-ALA:
-
Labial alveolar bone thickness at apex level
- T-AL:
-
Lingual alveolar bone thickness at apex level
- T-AW:
-
Whole alveolar bone thickness at apex level
- T-MLA:
-
Labial alveolar bone thickness at middle root level
- T-ML:
-
Lingual alveolar bone thickness at middle root level
- T-MW:
-
Whole alveolar bone thickness at middle root level
- V-LA:
-
Labial surrounding alveolar bone volume
- V-L:
-
Lingual surrounding alveolar bone volume
- V-W:
-
Whole surrounding alveolar bone volume
References
Tsang ST, McFadden LR, Wiltshire WA, Pershad N, Baker AB. Profile changes in orthodontic patients treated with mandibular advancement surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135(1):66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.033. (Epub 2009/01/06).
Bousaba S, Delatte M, Barbarin V, Faes J, De Clerck H. Pre- and post-surgical orthodontic objectives and orthodontic preparation. Rev Belge Med Dent. 2002;57(1):37–48 (Epub 2003/03/26).
Kalina E, Grzebyta A, Zadurska M. Bone remodeling during orthodontic movement of lower incisors-narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215002. (Epub 2022/11/27).
Coskun I, Kaya B. Appraisal of the relationship between tooth inclination, dehiscence, fenestration, and sagittal skeletal pattern with cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2019;89(4):544–51. https://doi.org/10.2319/050818-344.1. (Epub 2019/02/12).
Zhang F, Lee SC, Lee JB, Lee KM. Geometric analysis of alveolar bone around the incisors after anterior retraction following premolar extraction. Angle Orthod. 2020;90(2):173–80. https://doi.org/10.2319/041419-266.1. (Epub 2019/11/27).
Hung BQ, Hong M, Kyung HM, Kim HJ. Alveolar bone thickness and height changes following incisor retraction treatment with microimplants. Angle Orthod. 2022;92(4):497–504. https://doi.org/10.2319/091121-702.1. (Epub 2022/03/02).
Lund H, Grondahl K, Grondahl HG. Cone beam computed tomography evaluations of marginal alveolar bone before and after orthodontic treatment combined with premolar extractions. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012;120(3):201–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00964.x. (Epub 2012/05/23).
Shaw A. Dimensional changes in height of labial alveolar bone of proclined lower incisor after lingual positioning by orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric study on adult Bengali population. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(1):31–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.149288. (Epub 2015/02/17).
Yagci A, Veli I, Uysal T, Ucar FI, Ozer T, Enhos S. Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(1):67–74. https://doi.org/10.2319/040811-250.1. (Epub 2011/06/24).
Baysal A, Ucar FI, Buyuk SK, Ozer T, Uysal T. Alveolar bone thickness and lower incisor position in skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2013;43(3):134–40. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2013.43.3.134. (Epub 2013/07/03).
Guo R, Zhang L, Hu M, Huang Y, Li W. Alveolar bone changes in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(2):165–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12421. (Epub 2020/08/12).
Sadek MM, Sabet NE, Hassan IT. Three-dimensional mapping of cortical bone thickness in subjects with different vertical facial dimensions. Prog Orthod. 2016;17(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-016-0145-x. (Epub 2016/09/27).
Chen H, Liu Z, Hu X, Wu B, Gu Y. Comparison of mandibular cross-sectional morphology between Class I and Class II subjects with different vertical patterns: based on CBCT images and statistical shape analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01591-3. (Epub 2021/05/07).
Li B, Li J, Wang H, Xie X, Wen J, Li H. Relationship between different skeletal facial types and anterior alveolar bone thickness with cone-beam computed tomography in an Asian population. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(18):956. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-935. (Epub 2022/10/22).
Proffit WR, Phillips C, Dann C. Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment? Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1990;5(3):153–60 (Epub 1990/01/01).
Ahn HW, Moon SC, Baek SH. Morphometric evaluation of changes in the alveolar bone and roots of the maxillary anterior teeth before and after en masse retraction using cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(2):212–21. https://doi.org/10.2319/041812-325.1. (Epub 2012/10/17).
Nahm KY, Kang JH, Moon SC, Choi YS, Kook YA, Kim SH, et al. Alveolar bone loss around incisors in Class I bidentoalveolar protrusion patients: a retrospective three-dimensional cone beam CT study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012;41(6):481–8. https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/30845402. (Epub 2011/12/21).
Nayak Krishna US, Shetty A, Girija MP, Nayak R. Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth during orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric and computed tomography comparative study. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24(6):736–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.127623. (Epub 2014/02/21).
Handelman CS. The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae. Angle Orthod. 1996;66(2):95–109.
Mandelaris GA, Neiva R, Chambrone L. Cone-beam computed tomography and interdisciplinary dentofacial therapy: an american academy of periodontology best evidence review focusing on risk assessment of the dentoalveolar bone changes influenced by tooth movement. J Periodontol. 2017;88(10):960–77. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.160781. (Epub 2017/10/03).
Lyu H, Ma H, Hou J, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, et al. Three-dimensional measurement of periodontal support during surgical orthodontic treatment of high-angle skeletal Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162(6):839–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.07.022. (Epub 2022/09/11).
Lyu H, Xu L, Ma H, Hou J, Wang X, Wang Y, et al. Accuracy of three-dimensional periodontal ligament models generated using cone-beam computed tomography at different resolutions for the assessment of periodontal bone loss. Korean J Orthod. 2023;53(2):77–88. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.120. (Epub 2023/03/25).
Zhang CX, Shen G, Ning YJ, Liu H, Zhao Y, Liu DX. Effects of Twin-block vs sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance on alveolar bone around mandibular incisors in growing patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;157(3):329–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.04.029. (Epub 2020/03/03).
Wang Y, He S, Guo Y, Wang S, Chen S. Accuracy of volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption lacunas based on cone beam computed tomography. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16(3):169–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12016. (Epub 2013/02/20).
Palkovics D, Mangano FG, Nagy K, Windisch P. Digital three-dimensional visualization of intrabony periodontal defects for regenerative surgical treatment planning. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01342-w. (Epub 2020/12/03).
Tayman MA, Kamburoglu K, Kucuk O, Ates FSO, Gunhan M. Comparison of linear and volumetric measurements obtained from periodontal defects by using cone beam-CT and micro-CT: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(5):2235–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2665-x. (Epub 2018/10/05).
Hong HH, Hong A, Huang YF, Liu HL. Incompatible amount of 3-D and 2-D periodontal attachments on micro-CT scanned premolars. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0193894. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193894. (Epub 2018/03/09).
Hong HH, Chang CC, Hong A, Liu HL, Wang YL, Chang SH, et al. Decreased amount of supporting alveolar bone at single-rooted premolars is under estimated by 2D examinations. Sci Rep. 2017;8:45774. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45774. (Epub 2017/04/04).
Jahanbin A, Ramazanzadeh B, Ahrari F, Forouzanfar A, Beidokhti M. Effectiveness of Er:YAG laser-aided fiberotomy and low-level laser therapy in alleviating relapse of rotated incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146(5):565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.006. (Epub 2014/12/03).
Lee KM, Kim YI, Park SB, Son WS. Alveolar bone loss around lower incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment in mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(4):637–44. https://doi.org/10.2319/081711-526.1. (Epub 2012/01/05).
Ma H, Lyu H, Xu L, Hou J, Wang X, Li W, et al. Augmented corticotomy-assisted presurgical orthodontic treatment to prevent alveolar bone loss in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2023;163(2):210–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.10.021. (Epub 2022/11/04).
Forst D, Nijjar S, Flores-Mir C, Carey J, Secanell M, Lagravere M. Comparison of in vivo 3D cone-beam computed tomography tooth volume measurement protocols. Prog Orthod. 2014;15(1):69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-014-0069-2. (Epub 2014/12/24).
Han G, Li J, Wang S, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhou Y. In-vitro assessment of the accuracy and reliability of mandibular dental model superimposition based on voxel-based cone-beam computed tomography registration. Korean J Orthod. 2019;49(2):97–105. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2019.49.2.97. (Epub 2019/04/04).
Kim YJ, Lee Y, Chun YS, Kang N, Kim SJ, Kim M. Condylar positional changes up to 12 months after bimaxillary surgery for skeletal class III malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(1):145–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2013.07.031. (Epub 2013/09/28).
Hoang N, Nelson G, Hatcher D, Oberoi S. Evaluation of mandibular anterior alveolus in different skeletal patterns. Prog Orthod. 2016;17(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-016-0135-z. (Epub 2016/07/22).
Quast A, Santander P, Leding J, Klenke D, Moser N, Schliephake H, et al. Orthodontic incisor decompensation in orthognathic therapy-success and efficiency in three dimensions. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(6):4001–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03730-6. (Epub 2020/12/15).
Proffit WR, Phillips C, Douvartzidis N. A comparison of outcomes of orthodontic and surgical-orthodontic treatment of Class II malocclusion in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101(6):556–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(92)70131-S. (Epub 1992/06/01).
Sun Q, Lu W, Zhang Y, Peng L, Chen S, Han B. Morphological changes of the anterior alveolar bone due to retraction of anterior teeth: a retrospective study. Head Face Med. 2021;17(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-021-00277-z. (Epub 2021/07/18).
Wang J, Zhou W, Wu Y, Dai H, Zhou J. Long-term changes in the anterior alveolar bone after orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction: a retrospective study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2022;25(2):174–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12523. (Epub 2021/07/29).
Sarikaya S, Haydar B, Ciger S, Ariyurek M. Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122(1):15–26. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.119804. (Epub 2002/07/27).
Bin Bahar BSK, Alkhalidy SR, Kaklamanos EG, Athanasiou AE. Do orthodontic patients develop more gingival recession in anterior teeth compared to untreated individuals? A systematic review of controlled studies. Int Orthod. 2020;18(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2019.08.025. (Epub 2019/11/07).
Rafiuddin S, Yg PK, Biswas S, Prabhu SS, Bm C, Mp R. Iatrogenic damage to the periodontium caused by orthodontic treatment procedures: an overview. Open Dent J. 2015;9:228–34. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010228. (Epub 2015/08/28).
Ma H, Li W, Xu L, Hou J, Wang X, Ding S, et al. Morphometric evaluation of the alveolar bone around central incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment of high-angle skeletal class III malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(1):87–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12408. (Epub 2020/07/03).
Wang B, Xi W, Chen H, Shao J, Song A, Zhang F. Periodontal effect of augmented corticotomy-assisted orthodontics versus conventional orthodontics in treatment of adult patients with bialveolar protrusion. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02107-3. (Epub 2022/03/21).
Braut V, Bornstein MM, Belser U, Buser D. Thickness of the anterior maxillary facial bone wall-a retrospective radiographic study using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2011;31(2):125–31 (Epub 2011/04/15).
Rupprecht RD, Horning GM, Nicoll BK, Cohen ME. Prevalence of dehiscences and fenestrations in modern American skulls. J Periodontol. 2001;72(6):722–9. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2001.72.6.722. (Epub 2001/07/17).
Lu Y, Liu H, Liu J, Chen M. Augmented corticotomy on the lingual side in mandibular anterior region assisting orthodontics in protrusive malocclusion: a case report. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091181. (Epub 2022/09/24).
Zhang Y, Cai P. Association between alveolar bone height changes in mandibular incisors and three-dimensional tooth movement in non-extraction orthodontic treatment with Invisalign. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2023;26(1):91–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12583. (Epub 2022/05/03).
Son EJ, Kim SJ, Hong C, Chan V, Sim HY, Ji S, et al. A study on the morphologic change of palatal alveolar bone shape after intrusion and retraction of maxillary incisors. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71115-6. (Epub 2020/09/04).
Zasciurinskiene E, Lund H, Lindsten R, Jansson H, Bjerklin K. Outcome of periodontal-orthodontic treatment in subjects with periodontal disease. Part II: a CBCT study of alveolar bone level changes. Eur J Orthod. 2019;41(6):565–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz039. (Epub 2019/07/06).
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by new technology and new therapeutics of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology of 2022 (PKUSSNCT-22A09).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
HML analyzed the data set and drafted the manuscript. HMM, JXH and LX developed the data set. XXW recruited and treated the patients and designed the study. YJZ designed the study. WRL and XTL supervised the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (approval number: PKUSSIRB-201951168).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Lyu, H., Ma, H., Wang, X. et al. Three-dimensional assessment of periodontal support of lower incisors for skeletal Class II malocclusion undergoing presurgical orthodontic treatment with different vertical skeletal patterns. Prog Orthod. 24, 45 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-023-00495-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-023-00495-y